Hip-hop emerged in the 1970s Bronx as a cultural movement blending music, dance, and art. It represented a shift in modern music, influencing genres and cultural expressions while responding to social and economic conditions in New York City.
Early pioneers like , , and shaped hip-hop's foundation. The genre drew inspiration from funk, soul, and Jamaican sound systems, integrating spoken word traditions and serving as a form of social commentary.
Origins of hip-hop
Hip-hop emerged as a cultural movement in the 1970s, blending music, dance, and visual art
Represents a significant shift in modern music, influencing numerous genres and cultural expressions
Originated in the Bronx, New York, as a response to social and economic conditions
Lo-fi hip-hop gains popularity as background music for studying and relaxation
Drill music emerges as a gritty offshoot of trap, originating in Chicago
Experimental hip-hop pushes boundaries by incorporating avant-garde elements
New technologies in production
Virtual reality experiences enhance music videos and live performances
Artificial intelligence assists in beat-making and lyric generation
Blockchain technology offers new possibilities for royalty distribution
3D audio production techniques create immersive listening experiences
Hip-hop's continuing influence
Hip-hop elements increasingly incorporated into other genres (pop, rock, country)
Rap techniques influence delivery in spoken word poetry and public speaking
Hip-hop culture shapes marketing strategies and brand identities
Academic studies of hip-hop expand, with courses offered at major universities
Key Terms to Review (46)
A Tribe Called Quest: A Tribe Called Quest is an influential hip-hop group formed in 1985, known for their innovative fusion of jazz, funk, and hip-hop elements. They played a pivotal role in shaping alternative hip-hop, bringing a more introspective and socially conscious perspective to the genre while also impacting mainstream hip-hop culture.
Afrika bambaataa: Afrika Bambaataa is a pivotal figure in hip-hop culture, often referred to as the 'Godfather of Hip-Hop,' who played a major role in the genre's development during the 1970s and 1980s. He is best known for his innovative DJing techniques, the creation of influential music, and his commitment to social change through hip-hop, connecting the art form to broader cultural movements.
Akai mpc series: The Akai MPC series is a line of music production controllers that integrate drum machines, samplers, and sequencers into one device, becoming a staple in music production, especially within hip-hop and electronic genres. Renowned for their iconic pads and intuitive workflow, these machines have influenced countless artists and producers, solidifying their place in the world of beat-making and live performance.
Alternative hip-hop: Alternative hip-hop is a subgenre of hip-hop that diverges from the mainstream sound and lyrical themes typically associated with commercial rap. It often incorporates elements from various musical genres, like rock, jazz, or electronic, and focuses on innovative production techniques and unconventional lyrics. This genre serves as a platform for artists to express diverse perspectives and explore social issues in a way that challenges traditional hip-hop norms.
American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist: The American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist is an accolade presented annually to recognize outstanding achievements in the rap and hip-hop genre. This award is determined based on fan voting, reflecting the popularity and impact of artists within the music industry, particularly in a genre that has significantly shaped contemporary culture and entertainment.
Autotune: Autotune is a digital audio processing tool that corrects pitch in vocal and instrumental performances, allowing artists to achieve a desired sound quality. It's become a widely recognized feature in modern music production, especially in genres like hip-hop and rap, where it enhances vocal tracks and creates a distinctive style. By manipulating pitch and adding effects, autotune helps artists to refine their sound or create unique vocal effects that resonate with listeners.
Battling: Battling refers to the competitive exchange of lyrical and performance skills between two or more artists, often seen in hip-hop and rap culture. It serves as a form of artistic expression and a way for artists to showcase their talents, creativity, and lyrical prowess, often engaging in clever wordplay and improvisation. This practice has become a vital aspect of hip-hop identity, pushing artists to innovate and elevate their craft through direct competition.
Childish Gambino: Childish Gambino is the musical persona of Donald Glover, an acclaimed artist known for blending elements of hip-hop, R&B, and funk in his work. As a prominent figure in modern music, Glover uses this alter ego to explore themes of identity, race, and societal issues, making him a key player in the contemporary hip-hop landscape.
Conscious rap: Conscious rap is a subgenre of hip-hop music that focuses on social issues, political activism, and personal introspection. It often emphasizes thought-provoking lyrics that challenge societal norms and address topics like inequality, racism, and poverty, encouraging listeners to reflect and take action.
Death Row Records: Death Row Records was an influential American record label founded in 1991, primarily known for popularizing West Coast hip-hop and gangsta rap. It played a critical role in shaping the sound and image of the genre during the 1990s and was home to several legendary artists who became icons in hip-hop culture, contributing to the fierce rivalry between East Coast and West Coast rap scenes.
Def Jam Recordings: Def Jam Recordings is a prominent record label founded in 1984 by Rick Rubin and Russell Simmons, specializing in hip-hop and urban music. It has played a crucial role in shaping the careers of many hip-hop and rap artists, establishing itself as a cultural powerhouse during the genre's rise to mainstream success and influencing the broader music landscape.
DJ Kool Herc: DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican-American DJ who is widely recognized as one of the founding figures of hip-hop music and culture. He played a pivotal role in the development of hip-hop by introducing innovative DJ techniques, including breakbeat looping and the use of two turntables to create seamless transitions between songs, which laid the groundwork for future hip-hop artists and DJs.
Dr. Dre: Dr. Dre is a renowned American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur who played a pivotal role in popularizing West Coast hip-hop. He is widely recognized for his contributions to the genre, particularly through his work as a founding member of N.W.A and his solo career, which helped shape the sound of gangsta rap and elevate hip-hop culture. His influence extends beyond music into the business world, making him one of the most significant figures in the industry.
E-mu sp-1200: The e-mu sp-1200 is a classic sampler and drum machine that was first released in 1987, known for its distinctive sound quality and user-friendly interface. It has become iconic in hip-hop and electronic music production, particularly for its unique 12-bit sampling engine that adds a gritty character to sounds. Its influence extends across genres, making it a favorite tool among many producers and artists during the golden age of hip-hop and beyond.
East Coast Hip-Hop: East Coast Hip-Hop is a subgenre of hip-hop music that originated in the 1970s in New York City, characterized by its complex lyrics, multi-syllabic rhymes, and a focus on social and political issues. It played a crucial role in establishing hip-hop culture and often features heavy sampling from jazz, funk, and soul music. The genre is known for its distinct sound and lyrical depth, which set it apart from other styles, particularly during the well-known rivalry between East Coast and West Coast artists.
Freestyling: Freestyling refers to the art of improvisational rap, where an artist creates lyrics spontaneously without pre-written material. This skill showcases an MC's creativity, lyrical dexterity, and ability to engage with an audience in real time. Freestyling is a crucial element of hip-hop culture and has been instrumental in the careers of many artists, serving both as a performance technique and a means of lyrical expression.
G-funk: G-funk, short for gangsta funk, is a subgenre of hip-hop that emerged in the early 1990s, characterized by its smooth, laid-back beats, melodic synthesizers, and heavy use of funk samples. This style often incorporates themes of street life, gang culture, and personal experiences, blending elements of West Coast hip-hop with funk music to create a distinct sound that resonates with listeners. Its connection to iconic artists and specific production techniques solidified its place in the evolution of hip-hop and gangsta rap.
Gangsta rap: Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip-hop music that emerged in the late 1980s, characterized by its gritty lyrics reflecting the lives, struggles, and experiences of urban street life. This genre often addresses themes such as crime, violence, and socio-economic hardships, while also expressing a sense of pride and resilience among marginalized communities. The rise of gangsta rap fueled tensions within the hip-hop community, especially during the infamous rivalries between East Coast and West Coast artists, influenced the careers of many iconic figures in hip-hop, and sparked widespread debates about censorship and controversial content in music.
Grammy Award for Best Rap Album: The Grammy Award for Best Rap Album is an annual award presented by the Recording Academy to recognize excellence in the hip-hop genre, specifically acknowledging albums that have achieved outstanding artistic and technical quality. This award celebrates the contributions of artists in shaping rap music, reflecting cultural significance, and influencing the evolution of the genre. Winning this award often marks a pinnacle achievement for artists, solidifying their status as influential figures within the hip-hop community.
Grandmaster Flash: Grandmaster Flash is a pioneering DJ and one of the most influential figures in the development of hip-hop music and culture. Known for his innovative turntablism techniques, he played a crucial role in shaping early rap music and laid the groundwork for future hip-hop artists. His contributions extend beyond just music, as he helped elevate DJing into a respected art form and became a cultural icon within the hip-hop community.
Hip-hop summit: A hip-hop summit is a gathering of artists, activists, industry professionals, and community leaders to discuss and address issues affecting the hip-hop culture and its impact on society. These events often focus on promoting social justice, community empowerment, and cultural expression within the hip-hop community, creating a platform for dialogue and collaboration among its influential figures.
Illmatic: Illmatic is the groundbreaking debut album by American rapper Nas, released in 1994. This album is often hailed as one of the greatest hip-hop records of all time, showcasing a vivid narrative style that reflects the struggles and realities of urban life. It played a pivotal role in defining the sound and aesthetic of the genre during its golden age, influencing countless artists and establishing Nas as a prominent figure in hip-hop culture.
Kendrick Lamar: Kendrick Lamar is an influential American rapper and songwriter known for his profound lyrical content and innovative approach to hip-hop. His work often addresses themes of race, identity, and social justice, making him a prominent figure in both alternative hip-hop and mainstream music culture. Lamar's ability to blend personal narratives with broader societal issues has solidified his status as a rap icon and an essential voice in the conversation about music's impact on identity and culture.
KRS-One: KRS-One, born Lawrence Parker, is an influential American rapper, educator, and activist known for his thought-provoking lyrics and contributions to the hip-hop genre. He is often referred to as the 'Teacha' for his focus on social issues, philosophy, and education within his music, making him a key figure in hip-hop culture.
Lil Wayne: Lil Wayne, born Dwayne Michael Carter Jr., is a highly influential American rapper, songwriter, and record executive known for his unique vocal style and extensive impact on the hip-hop genre. He gained prominence in the late 1990s and has been a pivotal figure in Southern hip-hop, contributing to the genre's growth and mainstream acceptance while becoming an icon in the broader landscape of hip-hop and rap culture.
Missy Elliott: Missy Elliott is a groundbreaking American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer known for her innovative contributions to hip-hop and R&B. She emerged in the 1990s and has been pivotal in reshaping the sound and image of female artists in the music industry, combining catchy hooks with sharp lyrics and forward-thinking production techniques.
N.W.A: N.W.A (Niggaz Wit Attitudes) was a groundbreaking hip-hop group from Compton, California, that emerged in the late 1980s and is often credited with popularizing gangsta rap. Known for their raw and explicit lyrics that addressed social issues like police brutality and racial inequality, N.W.A became an influential force in hip-hop culture, shaping the genre's narrative and paving the way for future artists.
Nas: Nas is a highly influential American rapper, songwriter, and entrepreneur, known for his complex lyricism and storytelling ability. Emerging from the East Coast hip-hop scene in the early 1990s, he became a defining figure in the genre, especially during the rivalry between East Coast and West Coast hip-hop. His work not only includes iconic albums but also a significant impact on the evolution of gangsta rap, making him an essential artist to study in relation to hip-hop culture.
Notorious B.I.G.: Notorious B.I.G., also known as Biggie Smalls, was an influential American rapper and songwriter, recognized for his distinctive voice and storytelling ability. He became a central figure in the East Coast hip-hop scene during the 1990s and is celebrated for his contributions to the genre, including his iconic debut album 'Ready to Die.' His work helped shape the sound of hip-hop and influenced countless artists who followed.
OutKast: OutKast is a hip-hop duo formed in 1992, consisting of André 3000 and Big Boi, known for their innovative blend of Southern hip-hop with diverse musical influences. Their unique sound helped to shape the Southern hip-hop scene and they played a pivotal role in bringing alternative hip-hop to mainstream audiences, while also becoming iconic figures in the broader hip-hop culture.
Public Enemy: Public Enemy is an influential hip-hop group formed in 1985 known for their politically charged lyrics and activism. The group played a significant role in bringing attention to social issues, particularly those affecting the African American community, and became icons during the golden age of hip-hop by blending music with social commentary.
Queen Latifah: Queen Latifah is an American rapper, singer, actress, and producer, widely regarded as a pioneering figure in hip-hop and a strong female voice in the genre. Emerging in the late 1980s, she became one of the first women to gain recognition in a predominantly male industry, blending her music career with acting and advocacy for women's rights and social justice issues. Her multifaceted career has made her an icon in both music and film, showcasing the power of hip-hop culture and its impact on broader society.
Ready to die: In the context of hip-hop and rap, 'ready to die' refers to a state of readiness to confront death, often reflecting themes of struggle, resilience, and the harsh realities faced by artists in their environments. This phrase connects deeply to the emotional intensity found in rap lyrics, where artists express their vulnerabilities, life experiences, and sometimes their fatalistic views of life, which resonates with audiences on multiple levels.
Roc Nation: Roc Nation is a global entertainment agency and record label founded by Jay-Z in 2008, known for its diverse roster of artists and emphasis on artist management, music publishing, and brand partnerships. This organization plays a significant role in shaping the hip-hop and rap landscape, connecting talented artists with resources to maximize their careers.
Roc-A-Fella Records: Roc-A-Fella Records is a prominent American record label founded in 1995 by Jay-Z, Damon Dash, and Kareem 'Biggs' Burke. Known for its significant impact on the hip-hop industry, Roc-A-Fella has produced numerous successful artists and albums, cementing its status as a key player in shaping the sound and culture of modern rap music.
Roland TR-808: The Roland TR-808 is a drum machine that was released in 1980 and became iconic in music production, particularly in hip-hop and electronic genres. Its unique sound, characterized by deep bass kicks and snappy snares, revolutionized music creation and is now a staple in various styles, influencing artists and producers worldwide.
Sampling techniques: Sampling techniques refer to the methods used to select a portion of sound recordings or musical elements from existing tracks to create new compositions. This process is essential in various genres, particularly in hip-hop, where artists incorporate bits of other songs to build innovative soundscapes. Sampling allows musicians to pay homage to their influences while simultaneously creating something unique and original.
Snoop Dogg: Snoop Dogg is an influential American rapper, singer, songwriter, and media personality known for his laid-back style and smooth delivery. Emerging in the early 1990s, he became a key figure in the West Coast hip-hop scene and has significantly shaped the genre with his unique sound and persona, making him one of the most recognizable icons in hip-hop culture.
Southern rap: Southern rap is a subgenre of hip-hop that originated in the Southern United States, characterized by its unique beats, regional slang, and distinct lyrical themes. It gained prominence in the 1990s and has since shaped the overall hip-hop landscape by introducing diverse sounds and styles that reflect Southern culture and experiences.
The birth of hip-hop: The birth of hip-hop refers to the cultural movement that emerged in the 1970s in the South Bronx, New York City, characterized by four key elements: DJing, rapping, graffiti art, and breakdancing. This vibrant scene was fueled by social and economic struggles, leading to the creation of a new artistic expression that gave voice to marginalized communities and fostered a sense of identity and empowerment.
The Chronic: The Chronic is a highly influential hip-hop album released in 1992 by Dr. Dre, marking a significant moment in the evolution of West Coast rap. This debut solo album is known for popularizing G-funk, characterized by its smooth, laid-back beats and funk-influenced melodies. The Chronic played a pivotal role in the rise of hip-hop culture, shaping the genre and influencing many artists during the golden age and beyond.
The Sugarhill Gang: The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip-hop group formed in 1979, widely recognized for popularizing rap music and introducing it to a mainstream audience. Their hit single 'Rapper's Delight' is often credited as one of the first rap songs to achieve commercial success, setting the stage for future artists and establishing hip-hop as a vital genre in the music industry.
Trap music: Trap music is a subgenre of hip-hop that originated in the early 1990s in the Southern United States. It is characterized by its use of aggressive beats, heavy bass, hi-hats, and lyrics that often reflect the struggles of street life, drug dealing, and violence. This genre has evolved to influence mainstream music and culture significantly, with several iconic artists emerging from this style.
Tupac Shakur: Tupac Shakur, also known as 2Pac, was a highly influential American rapper, actor, and social activist who rose to prominence in the 1990s. His work is characterized by its powerful lyrics addressing issues such as race, poverty, and violence, which resonated deeply within hip-hop culture. Tupac's impact on the music industry and society is profound, positioning him as an iconic figure in both hip-hop and gangsta rap movements.
West coast hip-hop: West coast hip-hop is a subgenre of hip-hop music that originated in California, particularly in cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco, during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This style is characterized by its laid-back sound, funk-influenced beats, and lyrical themes that often reflect the lifestyle and struggles of urban life on the West Coast. Notable for its cultural impact, west coast hip-hop has produced numerous iconic artists and groups that have shaped the genre and influenced mainstream music.
Wu-Tang Clan: Wu-Tang Clan is a highly influential hip-hop group formed in Staten Island, New York, in the early 1990s. Known for their unique blend of hard-hitting beats, intricate lyricism, and martial arts imagery, they became icons in the hip-hop community, significantly impacting the genre's development and popularization. Their innovative approach to music and business has made them a symbol of the East Coast hip-hop scene and gangsta rap's evolution.