📘English Literature – 1670 to 1850 Unit 4 – Swift's Satirical Prose

Historical Context

• Early 18th century England marked by political instability and social inequality
• Rise of the Whig party and their opposition to the Tories
• Growing influence of the mercantile class and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution
• Increasing urbanization and the expansion of London as a cultural and economic center
• Religious tensions between the Church of England and dissenting groups such as the Puritans
• The Age of Enlightenment and the emphasis on reason, skepticism, and individual rights
• The development of the novel as a new literary form reflecting the interests and concerns of the rising middle class

Swift's Life and Literary Career

• Born in Dublin, Ireland in 1667 to English parents
• Attended Trinity College, Dublin where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree
• Moved to England in 1689 to serve as secretary to Sir William Temple, a retired diplomat and essayist
  • Gained exposure to political and literary circles through Temple's connections
• Ordained as an Anglican priest in 1695 and appointed as prebend of Kilroot in Ireland
• Returned to England in 1701 and began his career as a writer and political commentator
• Served as editor of The Examiner, a Tory political journal from 1710-1714
• Appointed as Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin in 1713, a position he held until his death
• Published his most famous works, including Gulliver's Travels, in the 1720s and 1730s
• Suffered from declining mental health in his later years and died in 1745

Key Works and Themes

• A Tale of a Tub (1704) - satirizes religious extremism and corruption in the Church
• The Battle of the Books (1704) - satirizes the debate between ancient and modern learning
• Gulliver's Travels (1726) - satirizes human nature, society, and government through fantastical voyages
  • Consists of four parts, each featuring a different society with its own absurdities and flaws
• A Modest Proposal (1729) - satirizes English oppression of the Irish by proposing cannibalism as a solution to poverty
• Drapier's Letters (1724-1725) - opposes the introduction of a new copper currency in Ireland as a form of economic exploitation
• Recurring themes include human folly, corruption, and the abuse of power
• Often uses irony, exaggeration, and absurdity to highlight social and political issues

Satirical Techniques

• Verbal irony - saying the opposite of what is meant to expose hypocrisy or absurdity
• Understatement - deliberately downplaying the severity or importance of something to highlight its absurdity
• Hyperbole - exaggerating or overstating something to the point of absurdity
• Parody - imitating the style or content of another work to mock or criticize it
• Juxtaposition - placing contrasting elements side by side to highlight their differences or absurdity
• Allegory - using fictional characters or events to represent real-world people, issues, or ideas
• Persona - adopting a fictional voice or character to convey the satire

Social and Political Commentary

• Critiques the corruption and hypocrisy of political leaders and institutions
  • Portrays politicians as self-serving and manipulative in works like Gulliver's Travels
• Exposes the exploitation and oppression of the Irish by the English government and aristocracy
  • A Modest Proposal highlights English indifference to Irish suffering
• Satirizes religious extremism and sectarianism as a source of social division and conflict
• Mocks the vanity and pretensions of the upper classes and their obsession with status and wealth
• Criticizes the excesses and absurdities of the scientific and philosophical movements of the Enlightenment
• Offers a pessimistic view of human nature as inherently flawed and prone to vice and folly
  • Gulliver's Travels suggests that humans are no better than the savage and irrational creatures Gulliver encounters

Literary Influences and Impact

• Influenced by classical satirists such as Juvenal and Horace, as well as French writers like Rabelais and Montaigne
• Part of a tradition of English satirical writing that includes Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Dryden
• Paved the way for later satirists such as Voltaire, Pope, and Sterne, who adopted and adapted his techniques
• Gulliver's Travels became an immediate bestseller and has remained widely read and adapted to the present day
  • Has inspired countless imitations, parodies, and adaptations in literature, film, and popular culture
• Swift's style and themes have influenced writers as diverse as Orwell, Huxley, and Vonnegut
• Considered a master of the English language and a key figure in the development of prose satire

Critical Reception and Interpretation

• Initial reception was mixed, with some praising Swift's wit and others condemning his vulgarity and misanthropy
• Romantic critics tended to dismiss Swift as a cynical and bitter misanthrope
• Victorian readers were often shocked by the sexual and scatological references in his work
• 20th century critics have emphasized the political and philosophical dimensions of Swift's satire
  • Orwell praised Swift as a champion of liberty and a critic of totalitarianism
• Postcolonial scholars have examined Swift's complex relationship to Irish identity and his critique of British imperialism
• Feminist critics have debated Swift's attitudes towards women and gender roles
• Psychoanalytic and biographical approaches have explored the personal and psychological roots of Swift's satire

Legacy and Modern Relevance

• Swift's satire remains widely read and studied as a classic of English literature
• His techniques and themes continue to be adapted and echoed by modern satirists
  • The Onion and The Colbert Report use Swiftian irony and parody to critique contemporary politics and media
• Gulliver's Travels has become a cultural touchstone, with references and allusions appearing in everything from children's books to sitcoms
• A Modest Proposal is often cited as a model of satirical writing and a powerful example of political critique
• Swift's critique of political corruption, media manipulation, and social inequality remains relevant to modern readers
  • His satire continues to resonate with audiences in an age of "fake news," political polarization, and economic injustice
• Offers enduring insights into human nature and the follies and vices that transcend any particular time or place