Key Italian Grammar Rules to Know for AP Italian

Understanding key Italian grammar rules is essential for mastering the language. These rules cover noun gender, verb conjugations, and sentence structure, helping you communicate effectively in various contexts, whether in writing or conversation.

1. Noun gender and number agreement

   • Italian nouns are either masculine or feminine.
   • Singular nouns change to plural by adding -i for masculine and -e for feminine.
   • Articles and adjectives must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

2. Definite and indefinite articles

   • Definite articles (il, lo, la, i, gli, le) specify a particular noun.
   • Indefinite articles (un, uno, una, un') refer to a non-specific noun.
   • The choice of article depends on the gender and number of the noun.

3. Adjective agreement and placement

   • Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe.
   • Most adjectives follow the noun, but some common ones (like bello, grande) can precede it.
   • Placement can affect the meaning; for example, "un uomo grande" (a big man) vs. "un grande uomo" (a great man).

4. Present tense conjugations (regular and irregular verbs)

   • Regular verbs are categorized into three conjugations: -are, -ere, -ire.
   • Irregular verbs do not follow standard conjugation patterns and must be memorized.
   • Present tense is used for actions happening now or habitual actions.

5. Past tenses: passato prossimo and imperfetto

   • Passato prossimo is used for completed actions in the past, formed with auxiliary verbs (essere or avere) and the past participle.
   • Imperfetto describes ongoing or habitual actions in the past, focusing on the context or background.
   • The choice between the two often depends on the aspect of the action being described.

6. Future tense

   • Future tense is formed by adding specific endings to the infinitive form of the verb.
   • It is used to express actions that will happen in the future.
   • Irregular verbs may have unique future stems.

7. Conditional tense

   • Conditional tense expresses hypothetical situations or polite requests.
   • It is formed by adding specific endings to the infinitive form of the verb.
   • The conditional can also express future actions in relation to a past event.

8. Subjunctive mood

   • The subjunctive is used to express doubt, desire, uncertainty, or hypothetical situations.
   • It has distinct conjugations for present and past tenses.
   • Common triggers for the subjunctive include verbs like "sperare" (to hope) and "temere" (to fear).

9. Reflexive verbs

   • Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject performs an action on itself.
   • They are formed with reflexive pronouns (mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si).
   • The placement of the reflexive pronoun can vary depending on the sentence structure.

10. Direct and indirect object pronouns

    • Direct object pronouns replace nouns that receive the action of the verb (mi, ti, lo, la, ci, vi, li, le).
    • Indirect object pronouns replace nouns that indicate to whom or for whom the action is done (mi, ti, gli, le, ci, vi, loro).
    • Pronouns typically precede the verb or can be attached to the infinitive.

11. Prepositions and their uses

    • Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence.
    • Common prepositions include "a" (to), "di" (of), "da" (from), "in" (in), and "con" (with).
    • Prepositions can indicate direction, location, time, and relationships.

12. Comparatives and superlatives

    • Comparatives are used to compare two things, formed with "più" (more) or "meno" (less).
    • Superlatives express the highest degree of a quality, often using "il più" (the most) or "il meno" (the least).
    • Irregular forms exist for some adjectives (e.g., buono → migliore, cattivo → peggiore).

13. Imperative mood

    • The imperative is used to give commands or make requests.
    • It has distinct forms for tu, noi, and voi, with some irregularities.
    • Negative commands use "non" before the verb.

14. Relative pronouns

    • Relative pronouns (che, cui, il quale, la quale) connect clauses and refer back to a noun.
    • "Che" is the most common and can refer to people or things.
    • "Cui" is used with prepositions and indicates possession or relationship.

15. Si impersonale and si passivante

    • "Si impersonale" is used to express general actions without specifying the subject (e.g., "Si parla italiano" - Italian is spoken).
    • "Si passivante" indicates passive voice, where the action is performed on the subject (e.g., "Si vende la casa" - The house is sold).
    • Both constructions are important for conveying actions in a more generalized or passive manner.