Key Concepts of Fundamental Nanomaterials to Know for Intro to Nanotechnology

Fundamental nanomaterials play a crucial role in nanotechnology, showcasing unique properties at the nanoscale. From carbon nanotubes to quantum dots, these materials enable innovative applications in electronics, medicine, and energy, transforming how we approach technology and materials science.

1. Carbon nanotubes

   • Cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice.
   • Exhibit exceptional mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.
   • Used in applications such as composite materials, electronics, and drug delivery.

2. Graphene

   • A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice.
   • Known for its remarkable electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties.
   • Potential applications include flexible electronics, energy storage, and sensors.

3. Quantum dots

   • Nanoscale semiconductor particles that emit light of specific wavelengths when excited.
   • Size-dependent optical properties make them useful in displays and biological imaging.
   • Used in solar cells and quantum computing due to their unique electronic characteristics.

4. Nanoparticles

   • Particles with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
   • Can be composed of metals, polymers, or ceramics, and exhibit unique physical and chemical properties.
   • Applications include drug delivery, catalysis, and environmental remediation.

5. Nanowires

   • One-dimensional structures with diameters in the nanometer range and lengths that can be much larger.
   • Exhibit unique electrical and optical properties, making them suitable for sensors and transistors.
   • Used in energy applications, such as solar cells and batteries.

6. Fullerenes

   • Molecules composed entirely of carbon, forming hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes.
   • Known for their unique structure and potential applications in materials science and nanomedicine.
   • Used in drug delivery systems and as additives in materials to enhance properties.

7. Dendrimers

   • Highly branched, tree-like macromolecules with a central core and multiple functional groups.
   • Their precise structure allows for controlled drug delivery and targeting in medical applications.
   • Used in nanotechnology for catalysis and as carriers for genes and drugs.

8. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)

   • Porous materials composed of metal ions coordinated to organic ligands.
   • Known for their high surface area and tunable porosity, making them ideal for gas storage and separation.
   • Applications include catalysis, drug delivery, and environmental remediation.

9. Nanocomposites

   • Materials that combine nanoparticles with a matrix (polymer, metal, or ceramic) to enhance properties.
   • Improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity compared to conventional materials.
   • Used in packaging, coatings, and structural materials.

10. Nanofibers

    • Fibers with diameters in the nanometer range, often produced through electrospinning.
    • Exhibit high surface area-to-volume ratios, making them useful in filtration and tissue engineering.
    • Applications include textiles, drug delivery systems, and scaffolds for cell growth.