key term - Army of the Andes

Definition

The Army of the Andes was a military force led by the revolutionary leader José de San Martín during the early 19th century, primarily aimed at liberating South America from Spanish colonial rule. This army played a crucial role in the liberation of Chile and Peru, showcasing both military strategy and cooperation among various South American regions in their quest for independence from Spanish control.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Army of the Andes was established in 1817 and was instrumental in crossing the Andes mountains to attack Spanish forces in Chile.
2. San Martín's strategy involved not only military tactics but also securing alliances with local revolutionaries and indigenous groups.
3. The Army of the Andes successfully liberated Chile at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817, marking a significant victory against Spanish forces.
4. After liberating Chile, the Army continued to operate in Peru, where San Martín proclaimed independence on July 28, 1821.
5. Despite early successes, internal conflicts and disagreements among revolutionary leaders later complicated the fight for independence in Peru.

Review Questions

• How did the Army of the Andes contribute to the overall independence movements across South America?
  • The Army of the Andes played a vital role in the independence movements across South America by leading successful military campaigns against Spanish colonial forces. Under José de San Martín's leadership, this army not only liberated Chile but also set the stage for further campaigns into Peru. Their efforts showcased the collaboration between various regions and leaders striving for freedom from colonial oppression, thereby inspiring other movements throughout South America.
• Evaluate San Martín's leadership style and strategies employed by the Army of the Andes during their campaigns.
  • San Martín's leadership style was characterized by careful planning, adaptability, and a focus on securing local support. He employed innovative strategies such as surprising enemy forces by crossing the treacherous Andes mountains to launch attacks. His ability to forge alliances with other revolutionary groups and leverage local knowledge was crucial in mobilizing resources and troops effectively. These strategies not only demonstrated his military acumen but also fostered a sense of unity among diverse factions seeking independence.
• Discuss the long-term impacts of the Army of the Andes on post-colonial governance in South America.
  • The Army of the Andes significantly influenced post-colonial governance in South America by establishing precedents for military leadership in political affairs. After achieving independence, many leaders who had served in or supported this army sought to shape new governments based on their revolutionary ideals. However, their contributions also led to political instability due to power struggles among former allies, ultimately affecting national identities and governance structures across newly independent states. This legacy continues to influence political dynamics in contemporary South America.

Related terms

José de San Martín:

An Argentine general and key leader in the South American struggle for independence, who is known for his role in liberating Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spanish rule.

Chilean War of Independence: A series of military campaigns that took place between 1810 and 1826, aiming to free Chile from Spanish colonial rule, significantly influenced by the actions of the Army of the Andes.

Peruvian War of Independence: The conflict that led to Peru's liberation from Spanish rule between 1821 and 1826, heavily involving the Army of the Andes and its strategies under San Martín.