Stephen Krashen

Definition

Stephen Krashen is a prominent linguist and educational researcher known for his theories on second language acquisition. His work emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input and interaction in learning a new language, suggesting that language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to language that is slightly above their current proficiency level. Krashen's ideas challenge traditional views of language instruction, focusing instead on the naturalistic acquisition process.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Krashen's Input Hypothesis states that learners acquire language best when they receive input that is one level above their current linguistic competence, often referred to as 'i+1'.
2. He argues that formal grammar instruction does not effectively lead to language acquisition and emphasizes the importance of immersion and contextualized learning experiences.
3. The Affective Filter Hypothesis highlights the idea that high levels of stress or anxiety can block incoming language input, making it harder for learners to absorb new information.
4. Krashen advocates for a focus on meaning rather than form in language teaching, encouraging learners to engage with authentic materials that interest them.
5. His theories have significantly influenced language teaching methodologies, leading to practices such as task-based learning and increased emphasis on interaction among learners.

Review Questions

• How does Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis inform effective strategies for second language instruction?
  • Krashen's Input Hypothesis suggests that effective second language instruction should focus on providing comprehensible input that is just beyond the learner's current level, known as 'i+1'. This means that teachers should present language in a way that is understandable but still challenges students, enabling them to naturally acquire new structures without formal grammar instruction. Incorporating activities that promote interaction and authentic communication can help ensure learners are receiving the necessary input to facilitate their language development.
• Evaluate the implications of Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis on language learning environments.
  • The Affective Filter Hypothesis posits that emotional factors like anxiety and motivation play a crucial role in language learning. If students feel stressed or fearful in a classroom setting, their ability to absorb new information may be hindered. Therefore, creating a supportive and low-stress environment is essential for facilitating language acquisition. Teachers can apply this understanding by incorporating cooperative activities, offering positive reinforcement, and allowing for personalized learning experiences that cater to individual student needs.
• Critically analyze how Stephen Krashen's theories contrast with traditional approaches to language education and their impact on contemporary practices.
  • Krashen's theories challenge traditional methods of language education which often prioritize explicit grammar instruction and rote memorization. Instead, he promotes naturalistic acquisition through meaningful interaction and exposure to comprehensible input. This paradigm shift has led to contemporary practices focusing on immersion, communicative competence, and learner-centered approaches. By prioritizing understanding over accuracy at first, educators can better support students in developing fluency and confidence in their target languages, resulting in a more holistic view of what it means to learn a second language.

Related terms

Comprehensible Input:

Language input that learners can understand while still being challenged, crucial for effective language acquisition according to Krashen.

Affective Filter Hypothesis: Krashen's theory that emotional factors such as anxiety, motivation, and self-confidence can influence language learning success.

Natural Approach: A teaching method developed by Krashen and Tracy Terrell, emphasizing communication and comprehension in a low-stress environment for language acquisition.