Semiconductor

Definition

A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors can conduct electricity under certain conditions, making them essential in modern electronics. Their unique properties allow them to control electrical currents, which is crucial for devices like diodes and transistors.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Semiconductors are typically made from silicon, but other materials like germanium and gallium arsenide are also used.
2. The conductivity of semiconductors can be manipulated by changing temperature or by introducing impurities through doping.
3. Semiconductors are fundamental to the operation of electronic components such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.
4. In their pure form, semiconductors are usually insulators at absolute zero but can conduct electricity when energy is applied.
5. The invention of the transistor in the 1940s marked a significant advancement in semiconductor technology, leading to the modern electronics revolution.

Review Questions

• How does doping affect the electrical properties of semiconductors?
  • Doping involves adding specific impurities to a semiconductor to enhance its conductivity. By introducing elements like phosphorus or boron into silicon, the electrical properties change significantly; this creates n-type or p-type semiconductors. N-type semiconductors have extra electrons, while p-type semiconductors have holes where electrons can move. This ability to tailor electrical behavior is essential for developing electronic devices.
• Compare and contrast conductors, insulators, and semiconductors in terms of their electrical properties and applications.
  • Conductors allow for the easy flow of electricity with minimal resistance and are used in wiring and electrical connections. Insulators resist electric current and are used to protect against unwanted flow of electricity. Semiconductors fall in between; they can conduct under certain conditions and are crucial in modern electronics. Their ability to control current makes them indispensable for devices like diodes and transistors that form the backbone of integrated circuits.
• Evaluate the impact of semiconductor technology on the development of modern electronics and everyday life.
  • Semiconductor technology has revolutionized modern electronics by enabling the miniaturization of circuits and the development of devices that are integral to daily life, such as smartphones, computers, and medical equipment. The transition from vacuum tubes to transistors allowed for more reliable and efficient devices, leading to advancements in computing power and connectivity. This technology has not only shaped industries but also influenced how people communicate, work, and interact with technology on a global scale.

Related terms

Conductor: A material that allows the flow of electric current with little resistance, commonly used in wiring and electrical circuits.

Insulator: A material that resists the flow of electric current, preventing electricity from passing through, commonly used for safety in electrical applications.

Doping: The process of intentionally adding impurities to a semiconductor to modify its electrical properties and enhance its conductivity.