College Physics II – Mechanics, Sound, Oscillations, and Waves
Definition
Non-contact forces are forces that can act on an object without any physical contact between the object and the source of the force. These forces can influence the motion and behavior of objects from a distance, without the need for direct touch or interaction.
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Non-contact forces are fundamental to the understanding of many physical phenomena, including the motion of planets, the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, and the stability of atomic structures.
Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, applies to non-contact forces, even though the objects involved are not in direct physical contact.
The conditions for static equilibrium, as described in Chapter 12.1, require that the net non-contact forces acting on an object must be zero for the object to remain in a state of rest.
The strength of non-contact forces, such as gravitational and electromagnetic forces, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the interacting objects, as described by the inverse-square law.
Non-contact forces can be conservative, meaning they do not depend on the path taken by the object, or non-conservative, meaning they do depend on the path taken by the object.
Review Questions
Explain how Newton's Third Law of Motion applies to non-contact forces, even though the objects involved are not in direct physical contact.
Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This principle applies to non-contact forces, such as gravitational and electromagnetic forces, even though the objects involved are not in direct physical contact. For example, when one object exerts a gravitational force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite gravitational force on the first object, in accordance with Newton's Third Law. This is true regardless of the distance between the objects, as long as they have mass and are within the range of the gravitational force.
Describe how the conditions for static equilibrium, as discussed in Chapter 12.1, relate to non-contact forces.
The conditions for static equilibrium require that the net non-contact forces acting on an object must be zero for the object to remain in a state of rest. This means that the sum of all the non-contact forces, such as gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear forces, acting on the object must cancel out, resulting in a net force of zero. If the net non-contact forces are not zero, the object will experience an unbalanced force and will accelerate, violating the conditions for static equilibrium.
Analyze the relationship between the strength of non-contact forces and the distance between the interacting objects, as described by the inverse-square law.
The strength of non-contact forces, such as gravitational and electromagnetic forces, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the interacting objects. This is known as the inverse-square law. As the distance between the objects increases, the strength of the non-contact force decreases dramatically, following an inverse-square relationship. This means that doubling the distance between the objects will result in the force being reduced to one-quarter of its original strength. This inverse-square relationship is a fundamental principle that governs the behavior of many non-contact forces in physics, and it has important implications for understanding the dynamics of various physical systems.
The force that arises from the interaction between electric and magnetic fields, which can act on charged particles and magnetic materials from a distance.
Nuclear Force: The strong force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom, acting over very short distances within the nucleus.