Sp2 hybrid orbitals

Definition

sp^2 hybrid orbitals are formed by the mixing of one s orbital and two p orbitals from the same atom, resulting in three equivalent orbitals oriented in a planar triangular shape, 120 degrees apart. These hybrid orbitals are key to forming double bonds in molecules such as ethylene (C2H4), contributing to the molecule's flat, rigid structure.

Related terms

Hybridization: The process by which atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals of equal energy levels suitable for chemical bonding.

Sigma bond (σ bond): A type of covalent bond formed by head-on overlapping between atomic orbitals, including sp^2 hybrid orbitals.

Pi bond (π bond): A covalent bond formed by side-on overlapping of p orbitals, lying perpendicular to sigma bonds in molecules with double or triple bonds