Schwann cells

Definition

Schwann cells are specialized glial cells in the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths around neuronal axons. They facilitate rapid signal transmission and aid in nerve regeneration following injury.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Schwann cells are essential for the myelination of peripheral nerves, which helps in the fast conduction of electrical signals.
2. They play a critical role in nerve repair by clearing debris and guiding regrowth after nerve damage.
3. Unlike oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, each Schwann cell myelinates a single segment of an axon.
4. Schwann cells can exist in two states: myelinating and non-myelinating, each with distinct functions.
5. Certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy), specifically target Schwann cells leading to nerve damage.

Review Questions

• What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
• How do Schwann cells contribute to nerve regeneration following an injury?
• Which bacterial infection is known to specifically target Schwann cells?

Related terms

Oligodendrocytes: Glial cells responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the central nervous system.

Myelin Sheath: A protective covering around axons that increases the speed of neural signal transmission.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor neurons.