Botulinum toxin

Definition

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It inhibits neurotransmitter release, leading to muscle paralysis.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent toxins known and can cause botulism, a life-threatening illness.
2. It acts by blocking acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, preventing nerve signal transmission.
3. There are seven types of botulinum toxin (A-G), with types A and B being the most commonly associated with human disease.
4. Botulinum toxin can be found in improperly canned or preserved foods where the bacteria produce the toxin anaerobically.
5. In small, controlled doses, botulinum toxin is used medically to treat various muscle disorders and cosmetically to reduce wrinkles.

Review Questions

• What is the primary mechanism through which botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis?
• Which types of botulinum toxin are most commonly associated with human disease?
• How can botulism be prevented in food preservation?

Related terms

Clostridium botulinum:

A bacterium that produces botulinum toxin.

Acetylcholine:

A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

Botulism: A serious illness caused by ingestion or exposure to botulinum toxin, leading to paralysis.