Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that causes anthrax. It is known for its ability to form resilient spores that can survive in harsh environments.
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Bacillus anthracis commonly infects livestock and can be transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated animals or animal products.
The bacterium has a poly-D-glutamic acid capsule which helps it evade the host's immune system.
It produces three toxins: protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor, which together contribute to its virulence.
Spores of Bacillus anthracis can remain dormant in soil for decades but become active once they enter a host.
Effective control measures include vaccination of livestock and proper handling of potentially contaminated materials.