The emergence of the middle class

Definition

The emergence of the middle class refers to the rise of a social group that became increasingly prominent during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, characterized by economic growth, increased literacy, and shifting cultural values. This group played a crucial role in shaping society and culture, leading to changes in art, literature, and theater as they sought entertainment that reflected their own experiences and aspirations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The rise of the middle class was fueled by the growth of trade and commerce during this period, which provided new economic opportunities beyond traditional aristocratic wealth.
2. The middle class valued education and literacy, which led to an increase in publishing and the demand for literature that resonated with their experiences and interests.
3. As the middle class grew in size and influence, they became important patrons of the arts, encouraging playwrights and authors to create works that reflected their values and lifestyle.
4. The emergence of the middle class also contributed to changing gender roles, as women began to gain more visibility in both the domestic sphere and public life through literary representation.
5. The societal influence of the middle class is evident in the shift from aristocratic-centered themes in literature and theater to those that explore middle-class values, aspirations, and moral dilemmas.

Review Questions

• How did the emergence of the middle class impact the themes and styles of literature during this period?
  • The emergence of the middle class significantly influenced literature by shifting themes from aristocratic concerns to those reflecting middle-class values, aspirations, and moral questions. Playwrights like William Wycherley and George Etherege began to write works that appealed to this new audience, incorporating relatable characters and social commentary. This change not only broadened the appeal of theater but also encouraged a more diverse range of stories that resonated with everyday experiences.
• In what ways did the rise of the middle class contribute to changes in social norms and expectations within society?
  • The rise of the middle class contributed to evolving social norms by promoting values such as hard work, respectability, and education. This shift encouraged a greater emphasis on individual merit rather than noble birth as a marker of status. The growing influence of this class also led to changing gender roles; women started participating more actively in society through literary representation and engagement in cultural activities. This transformation laid the groundwork for future social changes.
• Evaluate how the emergence of the middle class influenced the development of new genres or forms in literature and theater during this time.
  • The emergence of the middle class led to significant developments in new genres and forms in literature and theater by prioritizing relatable narratives over traditional epic tales. This period saw an increase in satire, comedy, and domestic drama that reflected middle-class concerns, allowing playwrights like Wycherley and Etherege to explore themes such as marriage, infidelity, and social ambition. The rise of these genres made theater more accessible to a broader audience while also encouraging a critical examination of contemporary society.

Related terms

Capitalism: An economic system where private individuals or businesses own capital goods, and production is guided by profit in a competitive market.

Social Mobility: The ability of individuals or families to move up or down the social hierarchy, often influenced by education, wealth, or occupation.

Consumer Culture: A social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts, which emerged alongside the growing middle class.