Temper

Definition

Temper refers to the materials added to clay to enhance its workability and strength during pottery production. This is crucial in the techniques of pottery production and decoration, as it affects the final properties of the pottery, including its durability and ability to withstand firing without cracking. The choice of tempering material can also influence the aesthetic qualities of the finished piece, such as texture and color.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Tempering materials can include organic substances like straw or sand, which help reduce shrinkage and cracking during drying and firing.
2. Different cultures used various types of temper depending on local resources, such as crushed stone, grog (pre-fired clay), or even plant fibers.
3. The size and shape of temper particles can affect the texture of the pottery surface, contributing to its decorative style.
4. Using too much temper can weaken the clay body, while not enough can lead to warping or cracking during firing.
5. Archaeologists can often identify the type of temper used in ancient pottery, which helps in determining the cultural and geographical context of the artifacts.

Review Questions

• How does the choice of temper affect the physical properties of pottery?
  • The choice of temper directly impacts several physical properties of pottery, including its strength, durability, and resistance to cracking during firing. For instance, using materials like sand can enhance the clay's workability and reduce shrinkage, making the finished product more robust. Additionally, different types of temper can influence how well the pottery holds up under thermal stress and its overall aesthetic qualities.
• Evaluate how regional variations in tempering materials reflect cultural practices in pottery production.
  • Regional variations in tempering materials showcase how local resources influenced cultural practices in pottery production. For example, communities near riverbanks might use abundant fine sand, while those near forests could incorporate plant fibers. These choices not only reflect practical needs but also contribute to distinctive styles and techniques associated with specific cultures. The variety of tempers used across different regions can lead to unique pottery forms that are recognizable within archaeological contexts.
• Synthesize information about temper with firing techniques to assess how both influence ancient pottery styles.
  • The synthesis of temper and firing techniques provides insight into how ancient pottery styles evolved. Different types of temper can alter how clay behaves during firing; for example, coarse tempers allow for higher firing temperatures without cracking. This interaction affects aesthetic outcomes, such as surface texture and color variability. Potters combined their knowledge of local materials with specific firing methods to create distinct styles that conveyed cultural identity, making their work both functional and artistically expressive.

Related terms

Clay: A natural material composed of fine-grained minerals that can be shaped when wet and hardens upon firing.

Firing: The process of heating pottery in a kiln to harden it, which also influences its final color and durability.

Slip:

A liquid mixture of clay and water used for decoration or as an adhesive in pottery, often applied before or after firing.