Biological determinism is the theory that biological factors, such as genetics and physiology, fundamentally shape human behavior and social structures. This perspective often suggests that social differences, including class, race, and gender roles, are rooted in inherent biological traits. In the context of literature, particularly within realism and naturalism, this concept critiques the notion that individual agency is solely responsible for oneโs fate, arguing instead that environmental and genetic influences play a significant role in determining human experience.