The Indian National Congress (INC) is a political party in India that played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement against British rule. Founded in 1885, the INC began as a platform for middle-class Indians to voice their concerns and demands, but over time it evolved into a mass movement advocating for self-rule and social reforms, becoming a key player in the push for nationalism and independence.
congrats on reading the definition of Indian National Congress. now let's actually learn it.
The Indian National Congress was established primarily to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and initially sought constitutional reforms rather than full independence.
Under Gandhi's leadership in the 1920s and 1930s, the INC shifted towards mass mobilization and non-violent resistance, engaging millions of Indians in the fight for independence.
The INC's demand for complete independence was formally declared during the Lahore session in 1929, leading to the adoption of the Purna Swaraj resolution.
The organization faced internal divisions, particularly between moderates who favored gradual reforms and extremists who called for immediate independence through more radical means.
The INC played a significant role in negotiating with the British government during various rounds of talks, including the Cripps Mission and the Quit India Movement in 1942.
Review Questions
How did the Indian National Congress evolve from its founding to becoming a mass movement under Gandhi's leadership?
The Indian National Congress started as a forum for educated Indians to discuss political issues and seek reforms within British governance. However, as it gained popularity and saw growing discontent among the masses, especially during the early 20th century, it transitioned into a mass movement. Gandhi's leadership was pivotal; he introduced non-violent resistance and encouraged widespread participation from all sections of society, making the INC a central force in the struggle for independence.
Discuss the impact of the INC on India's fight for independence and how it influenced other nationalist movements globally.
The Indian National Congress significantly shaped India's fight for independence through its strategic campaigns and mobilization efforts. By promoting non-violent resistance and civil disobedience, particularly under Gandhi's influence, it inspired numerous global movements advocating for civil rights and liberation from colonial rule. The INC’s tactics influenced other nationalists around the world, showcasing that peaceful protest could effectively challenge oppressive regimes.
Evaluate the internal challenges faced by the Indian National Congress in its quest for independence and how these shaped its strategies.
The Indian National Congress faced several internal challenges that shaped its strategies, notably the ideological divide between moderates advocating gradual reforms and extremists pushing for immediate independence. These divisions sometimes led to conflicts over methods and priorities, impacting their unified approach against British rule. Additionally, as communal tensions grew within India, particularly between Hindus and Muslims, this affected the INC's cohesion and strategy. Ultimately, these challenges prompted adaptations in tactics, including increased emphasis on mass mobilization and outreach to diverse groups across India.
Related terms
Gandhi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement who advocated for non-violent resistance and civil disobedience.
Partition of India: The division of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, in 1947, which resulted in significant communal violence and mass migrations.
Civil Disobedience Movement: A campaign led by the Indian National Congress under Gandhi's leadership that encouraged Indians to peacefully disobey British laws as a form of protest against colonial rule.