Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)

Definition

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. If untreated, HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition that severely weakens the immune system. Understanding HIV is essential for implementing effective prevention strategies, managing treatments, and addressing the social implications of living with the virus.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
2. There is no cure for HIV, but with proper medical care, it can be controlled and managed effectively.
3. Regular testing for HIV is crucial for early detection and to prevent transmission to others.
4. People living with HIV who take antiretroviral therapy as prescribed can achieve viral suppression, meaning the virus is undetectable in their blood and cannot be transmitted sexually.
5. Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV can significantly affect their mental health and access to care.

Review Questions

• How does HIV affect the immune system, and what are the implications of untreated HIV?
  • HIV specifically targets and destroys CD4 cells, which are vital for maintaining a healthy immune response. As the number of CD4 cells decreases, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to infections and diseases. If left untreated, this process can lead to AIDS, where the immune system is severely compromised, allowing opportunistic infections to take hold. This shows the importance of early detection and ongoing treatment in managing the virus.
• What are some effective prevention strategies for HIV transmission, and how do they impact public health?
  • Effective prevention strategies include practicing safe sex through condom use, regular testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for high-risk individuals. These measures significantly reduce the likelihood of HIV transmission and contribute to overall public health by lowering infection rates. Additionally, education and awareness campaigns help combat stigma associated with HIV, promoting safer behaviors within communities.
• Evaluate the impact of antiretroviral therapy on the quality of life for individuals living with HIV.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the management of HIV, allowing individuals living with the virus to lead healthier lives. With consistent use of ART, many can achieve viral suppression, reducing the risk of transmitting HIV to sexual partners and preventing progression to AIDS. The psychological benefits are also significant; individuals often experience improved mental health due to reduced anxiety about their condition and increased life expectancy. Therefore, ART not only helps in managing physical health but also enhances overall well-being.

Related terms

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): AIDS is the most severe phase of HIV infection, characterized by a significantly weakened immune system, making individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART):

ART is a treatment for HIV that involves taking a combination of HIV medicines daily to control the virus and maintain immune function.

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): PrEP is a preventive strategy that involves taking medication to reduce the risk of contracting HIV for people at high risk.