Stress concentration factors are numerical values that quantify how much stress is amplified in a material due to geometric discontinuities, such as notches, holes, or changes in cross-section. These factors are crucial for understanding how materials will behave under load, particularly where there are irregularities, as they can lead to localized failures even when the overall stress in the material is below its yield strength. Recognizing stress concentrations helps engineers design safer and more reliable structures and components.