Specific Gravity

Definition

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance, typically water, at a specific temperature. This measure is essential in understanding the properties of soils and other materials, as it helps in classifying soil types and assessing their behavior under various conditions, including compaction and load-bearing capacity.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Specific gravity values for soils typically range from 2.6 to 2.8 for mineral soils, while organic soils may have lower specific gravity values.
2. The specific gravity of soil particles is crucial for calculating the void ratio and degree of saturation, which influences soil stability and strength.
3. Specific gravity can help differentiate between different types of soils, such as clay, silt, and sand, based on their mineral composition.
4. The measurement of specific gravity is conducted using methods such as the pycnometer or displacement method, which provide accurate results in laboratory settings.
5. Specific gravity is dimensionless; it provides a relative comparison without units, simplifying calculations related to material properties.

Review Questions

• How does specific gravity relate to the classification of soil types?
  • Specific gravity plays a significant role in classifying soil types by providing information about the density and mineral composition of soil particles. Different soil types have varying specific gravity values, which help engineers identify whether a soil is predominantly sand, silt, or clay. Understanding these classifications assists in predicting how soils will behave under loads and in various environmental conditions.
• Discuss how specific gravity influences the engineering properties of soils and their applications in construction.
  • Specific gravity affects several engineering properties of soils, including their load-bearing capacity, compressibility, and permeability. Higher specific gravity often indicates denser soils that can support more weight and resist deformation. In construction applications, knowing the specific gravity helps engineers make informed decisions about suitable materials for foundations and earthworks, ensuring stability and safety.
• Evaluate the importance of measuring specific gravity in geotechnical investigations and how it impacts design decisions.
  • Measuring specific gravity in geotechnical investigations is crucial for assessing soil properties that influence foundation design and slope stability. Accurate specific gravity values allow engineers to calculate other vital parameters like void ratio and degree of saturation, which directly affect how well a soil will perform under loads. This information helps in making design decisions that minimize risks related to settlement or failure, ensuring the safety and longevity of structures built on or within these soils.

Related terms

Density: Density is the mass of a substance divided by its volume, often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

Porosity: Porosity is the measure of void spaces in a material, indicating how much space is available for air or water within soil or rock.

Saturation: Saturation refers to the condition where all void spaces in a soil are filled with water, impacting its mechanical properties and behavior.