key term - Anencephaly

Definition

Anencephaly is a severe neural tube defect characterized by the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. This condition occurs during early embryonic development when the neural tube fails to close properly, leading to incomplete formation of the brain and spinal cord. The severity of this defect typically results in stillbirth or death shortly after birth, highlighting the critical role of proper neural induction and neurulation processes.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Anencephaly occurs when there is a failure in the closure of the neural tube at the cranial end, resulting in significant brain malformation.
2. The incidence of anencephaly is influenced by genetic factors, maternal nutrition, and environmental exposures, particularly folic acid deficiency during pregnancy.
3. Most infants born with anencephaly do not survive beyond a few days or weeks after birth due to the lack of functional brain structures necessary for basic life functions.
4. Preventive measures such as adequate folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk of neural tube defects like anencephaly.
5. Anencephaly can be detected through prenatal imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, which can reveal abnormal brain development during pregnancy.

Review Questions

• What are the key developmental failures associated with anencephaly, and how do they relate to neural induction and neurulation?
  • Anencephaly arises from failures during the processes of neural induction and neurulation. Specifically, if the neural tube does not close properly at the cranial end during neurulation, it results in severe malformations such as missing parts of the brain and skull. This highlights how critical these early developmental stages are for normal brain formation and overall embryonic health.
• Discuss how environmental factors might contribute to anencephaly and what preventive measures can be taken to reduce its occurrence.
  • Environmental factors like maternal nutrition, especially folic acid intake, play a crucial role in preventing anencephaly. Insufficient folic acid during pregnancy can lead to improper closure of the neural tube. Therefore, health guidelines emphasize that women who are planning to become pregnant should take folic acid supplements to significantly decrease the risk of neural tube defects, including anencephaly.
• Evaluate the implications of anencephaly on prenatal care practices and how advancements in medical imaging can assist in early diagnosis.
  • Anencephaly has significant implications for prenatal care as it can often be detected through advanced imaging techniques like ultrasound. Early diagnosis allows parents to make informed decisions about their pregnancy. The ability to visualize structural abnormalities in fetal development means that healthcare providers can counsel expectant parents on potential outcomes and considerations related to delivering a child with such severe congenital conditions.

Related terms

Neural tube: The neural tube is the embryonic structure that eventually develops into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

Neural induction: Neural induction is the process during early development where specific signals prompt the ectoderm to form neural tissue, which is essential for proper brain formation.

Neurulation: Neurulation is the process during which the neural plate folds to form the neural tube, marking the beginning stages of central nervous system development.