key term - Thermal Entry Length

Definition

Thermal entry length is the distance along a flow path within a duct or pipe where the fluid temperature adjusts to the wall temperature, resulting in a fully developed thermal profile. This length is crucial in internal forced convection as it determines how quickly the fluid achieves thermal equilibrium with the duct walls, influencing heat transfer rates and efficiency within the system.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The thermal entry length can be estimated using empirical correlations that consider flow type (laminar or turbulent) and Prandtl number.
2. In laminar flow, the thermal entry length is longer compared to turbulent flow due to slower mixing of fluid layers.
3. For fully developed conditions, the Nusselt number becomes constant, indicating a stable heat transfer rate and temperature distribution.
4. Thermal entry length can significantly impact system design, especially in applications like heat exchangers where optimal performance is desired.
5. Understanding thermal entry length helps engineers predict how quickly a system will respond to changes in heat input or removal.

Review Questions

• How does thermal entry length affect the heat transfer characteristics in internal forced convection systems?
  • Thermal entry length directly impacts heat transfer characteristics by determining how quickly the fluid reaches a temperature profile that aligns with the wall temperature. In systems with longer thermal entry lengths, heat transfer may be less efficient initially as the fluid takes time to adjust. Once the thermal entry length is achieved, a fully developed profile allows for optimal heat transfer conditions, which is crucial for system efficiency.
• Discuss the difference between thermal entry length and hydraulic entry length in terms of their significance in flow analysis.
  • Thermal entry length focuses on temperature adjustment within the fluid, while hydraulic entry length pertains to achieving a fully developed velocity profile. Both are significant for flow analysis but serve different purposes. The thermal entry length affects how quickly the system can stabilize its thermal performance, while hydraulic entry length influences pressure drop and flow characteristics. Understanding both helps engineers design systems that optimize both heat transfer and flow resistance.
• Evaluate how knowledge of thermal entry length can improve the design and efficiency of heat exchangers.
  • Knowing about thermal entry length allows engineers to tailor the dimensions and configurations of heat exchangers for better performance. By ensuring that sufficient length is available for fluids to reach thermal equilibrium before exiting, designers can enhance overall heat transfer efficiency. Additionally, it helps in predicting response times to heating or cooling demands, ultimately leading to more efficient designs that save energy and improve system reliability.

Related terms

Hydraulic Entry Length: The distance required for the flow to become fully developed in terms of velocity profile, influencing the pressure drop and flow characteristics in internal flows.

Nusselt Number:

A dimensionless number representing the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across a boundary, often used to characterize heat transfer performance in fluid flow.

Boundary Layer:

The layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant, impacting both velocity and thermal profiles.