Literature

Definition

Literature refers to written works, especially those considered to have artistic or intellectual value, encompassing a wide range of genres, including poetry, prose, and drama. In the context of ancient civilizations, literature serves not only as a means of storytelling but also as a reflection of cultural values, historical events, and societal norms. The literature produced during specific periods often reveals insights into the beliefs and practices of the people who created it.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is known for its flourishing literature, particularly in the form of wisdom literature that provided moral guidance.
2. Famous works from this period include 'The Tale of Sinuhe,' which reflects themes of exile and identity.
3. The Second Intermediate Period saw an increase in foreign influence on Egyptian literature due to interactions with the Hyksos and other neighboring cultures.
4. 'The Instructions of Ptahhotep' is one of the earliest examples of Egyptian wisdom literature that emphasizes ethical conduct and proper behavior.
5. Literature from these periods often utilized poetic devices such as parallelism and metaphor, showcasing the sophisticated language skills of ancient writers.

Review Questions

• How did literature during the Middle Kingdom reflect the social values and concerns of ancient Egyptian society?
  • Literature during the Middle Kingdom served as a mirror for social values and concerns within ancient Egyptian society. Works like 'The Tale of Sinuhe' addressed themes of loyalty, identity, and the consequences of exile, highlighting the importance Egyptians placed on community and belonging. Additionally, wisdom literature focused on moral teachings and guidance for appropriate conduct, reflecting societal expectations for behavior and ethics.
• In what ways did the literature produced during the Second Intermediate Period differ from that of the Middle Kingdom in terms of themes and influences?
  • The literature produced during the Second Intermediate Period was influenced by the changing political landscape and cultural interactions with foreign groups like the Hyksos. This led to themes that explored not only traditional Egyptian values but also foreign ideas and experiences. While Middle Kingdom literature often emphasized individual morality and social harmony, Second Intermediate Period works began to incorporate more diverse perspectives due to increased cultural exchange.
• Evaluate the significance of wisdom literature in ancient Egyptian culture during these periods, considering its impact on future literary traditions.
  • Wisdom literature in ancient Egypt held significant cultural importance as it encapsulated ethical teachings and life lessons that shaped societal norms. Texts like 'The Instructions of Ptahhotep' provided insights into the values Egyptians cherished, such as justice, humility, and respect for authority. This genre not only impacted contemporaneous understanding but also laid foundational elements for future literary traditions across various cultures, influencing how societies would document moral instruction through narrative forms.

Related terms

Epic Poetry: A lengthy narrative poem that often details heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.

Scribes: Professionals in ancient societies responsible for writing and preserving important texts, including religious, legal, and literary works.

Mythology: A collection of myths that convey the beliefs and values of a culture through stories about gods, heroes, and the origins of the world.