Social control theory

Definition

Social control theory is a sociological perspective that explains how social structures and relationships influence individuals' behavior, particularly in relation to deviance and crime. It emphasizes the role of societal norms, values, and institutions in maintaining order and discouraging criminal behavior by fostering attachments, commitments, involvement, and beliefs among individuals. This theory connects with various aspects such as how individuals are labeled within society, their age-related criminal behavior patterns, economic factors influencing crime, and the impact of educational experiences on delinquency and criminal actions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Social control theory was developed by Travis Hirschi in 1969 and focuses on how societal factors prevent individuals from committing crimes.
2. The theory suggests that strong social bonds to family, friends, and community reduce the likelihood of delinquency and criminal activity.
3. Labeling can significantly influence an individual's self-identity and choices, leading to a cycle where labeled individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior.
4. Research shows that there is an observable age-crime curve, where criminal behavior tends to peak in late adolescence and decline as individuals mature, often linked to changes in social control mechanisms.
5. Factors such as economic strain can weaken social bonds and increase the likelihood of offending due to decreased commitments to conventional society.

Review Questions

• How does social control theory explain the influence of social relationships on criminal behavior?
  • Social control theory posits that strong social relationships, characterized by attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief in societal norms, act as buffers against criminal behavior. When individuals are closely connected to their families and communities, they are more likely to internalize these norms and values. This emotional investment discourages engagement in deviance because the potential loss of these relationships becomes a significant deterrent.
• In what ways does labeling theory complement social control theory in understanding delinquency?
  • Labeling theory complements social control theory by highlighting how societal reactions to deviance can reinforce negative identities. When individuals are labeled as criminals or delinquents, they may adopt these identities, leading to increased chances of reoffending. This interaction demonstrates that not only do strong social bonds prevent crime but that negative labels can weaken these bonds and push individuals towards further deviant behavior.
• Evaluate the implications of social control theory for addressing school dropout rates and subsequent delinquency.
  • Social control theory suggests that maintaining strong attachments to educational institutions can be crucial in preventing school dropout rates and reducing delinquency. When students feel connected to their school environment through supportive relationships with teachers and peers, they are more likely to commit to their education. Conversely, when these connections weaken, students may disengage from school and turn to delinquent activities as a substitute for the fulfillment typically provided by educational commitment. Therefore, interventions focused on enhancing school engagement could significantly reduce both dropout rates and associated delinquent behaviors.

Related terms

Attachment:

The emotional bond between individuals and their social groups, which can deter them from engaging in deviant behavior.

Commitment:

The investment an individual has in conventional activities, such as education and career, that encourages conformity to societal norms.

Involvement:

The degree to which individuals participate in conventional activities, which can reduce the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.