Erving Goffman

Definition

Erving Goffman was a Canadian sociologist known for his work on the presentation of self in everyday life, and he focused on how individuals navigate social interactions. His theories emphasize the importance of social context and the roles people play in their interactions with others, which connects deeply to observation techniques and discourse analysis by highlighting how behaviors and language shape social realities.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Goffman's work emphasizes that everyday interactions are influenced by social norms and expectations, which guide how people behave in different contexts.
2. He introduced the concept of 'front stage' and 'back stage' behavior, illustrating how people act differently when they are performing for an audience compared to when they are in private.
3. His analysis of stigma in 'Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity' explores how societal perceptions can affect an individual's self-presentation and identity.
4. Goffman argued that language is a critical tool for constructing social reality, making discourse analysis essential for understanding how communication shapes interactions.
5. His ideas about role distance highlight that individuals often separate their true selves from the roles they play in society, which can impact observational studies of behavior.

Review Questions

• How does Goffman's concept of dramaturgy enhance our understanding of observation techniques in social research?
  • Goffman's concept of dramaturgy enhances our understanding of observation techniques by illustrating that social interactions can be seen as performances. This perspective encourages researchers to pay attention to both verbal and non-verbal cues in interactions, as individuals often present themselves differently based on their audience. By observing these 'performances,' researchers can gain insights into the underlying social norms and expectations that shape behavior.
• In what ways does Goffman's theory of impression management intersect with discourse analysis?
  • Goffman's theory of impression management intersects with discourse analysis by highlighting how individuals use language strategically to influence perceptions. Discourse analysis focuses on the ways language constructs social realities, and Goffman emphasizes that people's choice of words, tone, and style is crucial in managing the impressions they create. This connection allows for a deeper understanding of how communication can both reflect and shape social dynamics.
• Evaluate the implications of Goffman's work on total institutions for understanding contemporary social structures and interactions.
  • Goffman's exploration of total institutions offers valuable insights into contemporary social structures by revealing how environments can profoundly shape individual identity and interaction. His analysis shows that individuals in these institutions often experience a loss of autonomy, affecting their self-presentation and social roles. Evaluating this concept today allows us to critically assess similar dynamics in various settings, such as schools or workplaces, where institutional norms may constrain personal expression and influence interpersonal relationships.

Related terms

Dramaturgy: A framework developed by Goffman that likens social interaction to a theatrical performance, where individuals present themselves in ways to control the impressions others form.

Impression Management: The process by which individuals attempt to influence how they are perceived by others through their behaviors and appearances.

Total Institutions: Settings where individuals are cut off from wider society and lead an enclosed, formally administered life, such as prisons or mental hospitals, discussed extensively by Goffman.