Hyperbolic Functions: Functions similar to trigonometric functions but based on hyperbolas instead of circles. Includes sinh, cosh, tanh.
$e^x$ (Exponential Function): A fundamental mathematical function where the base e (approximately equal to 2.71828) is raised to the power of x.
$\ln(x)$ (Natural Logarithm): The logarithm to the base e; it represents the time needed to reach a certain level of continuous growth.