Voter suppression: The deliberate act of making it difficult or impossible for certain groups of people to vote, often through discriminatory practices such as strict identification requirements.
Poll taxes: Taxes imposed on voters as a prerequisite for voting. Poll taxes were used during the Jim Crow era in the United States to disenfranchise African Americans.
Gerrymandering: The manipulation of electoral district boundaries in order to favor one political party over another. Gerrymandering can be used as a means of suppressing certain votes or amplifying others based on race, ethnicity, or political affiliation.