Alchemy: Alchemy was an early form of chemistry that focused on transforming substances into valuable materials like gold. While it was not considered true science today, it contributed to the development of scientific methods.
Astronomical Observatories: These were institutions established by Muslim scholars for observing celestial bodies. They played a crucial role in advancing astronomy and understanding the universe.
Ibn al-Haytham: Ibn al-Haytham, also known as Alhazen, was a prominent Muslim scientist who made significant contributions to the fields of optics and visual perception. His work influenced later scientific thought within Dar al-Islam.