Partitioning of Poland: This refers to three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia (Germany), and Austria during late 18th century which resulted in disappearance of Poland from the map of Europe for 123 years.
Warsaw Pact: A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European countries, including Poland. It was established as a counterweight to NATO during the Cold War.
Solidarity Movement: An independent trade union movement in Poland that grew into a mass campaign for political change and is considered to have contributed to the fall of communism in Poland.