Dependent Variables: Dependent variables are the outcomes or results that are being measured or observed in an experiment. They depend on the independent variable and can change as a result of its manipulation.
Controlled Variables: Controlled variables, also called constant variables, refer to factors in an experiment that remain consistent throughout all conditions. By keeping these factors unchanged, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Categorical Variables: Categorical variables are types of independent variables that represent different categories or groups rather than numerical values. For example, gender (male/female) is a categorical independent variable.