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Causation refers to a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, where changes in one variable directly lead to changes in another variable.
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Correlation: Correlation measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables but does not imply causation.
Experimental Design: Experimental design involves setting up controlled experiments with manipulated variables to determine causal relationships.
Reverse Causality: Reverse causality occurs when it appears that one variable causes another, but in reality, it is actually the other way around.