Beneficence: Beneficence refers to the responsibility of researchers to maximize benefits and minimize potential harm or risks for participants in a study.
Deception: Deception occurs when researchers intentionally withhold information or provide false information to participants during a study. It should be used sparingly and justified by significant scientific value.
Institutional Review Board (IRB): An IRB is a committee composed of scientists, ethicists, and others responsible for reviewing research proposals to ensure they meet ethical standards before they can be conducted.