Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: Piaget's theory explains how cognitive growth occurs in distinct stages throughout childhood. Each stage is characterized by specific ways of thinking and understanding the world.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interactions in cognitive development. According to his theory, children learn from more knowledgeable others through cooperative activities and cultural tools.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The ZPD represents the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance or assistance from others. It highlights the importance of social interactions for cognitive growth.