Testudo: Testudo, meaning "tortoise" in Latin, was another defensive military formation used by the Romans. Soldiers would interlock their shields above them to create an impenetrable roof-like structure.
Phalanx: The phalanx was an ancient Greek military formation where soldiers stood shoulder-to-shoulder with spears and shields overlapping. It provided excellent defense against enemy attacks.
Maniple: A maniple was a smaller tactical unit within the Roman army, consisting of two centuries (around 120 soldiers). Maniples could be arranged in different formations depending on the situation.