Voter ID Laws: Voter ID laws require voters to show identification documents at polling stations, creating potential barriers for some individuals who may not have easy access to such identification.
Gerrymandering: Gerrymandering involves manipulating electoral district boundaries with intent to give an advantage to one political party over another, potentially disenfranchising certain groups.
Jim Crow Laws: Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries enforcing racial segregation and denying African Americans their civil rights.