Character: A single unit of information that represents a letter, digit, or symbol. The toLowerCase() method operates on each character within a string.
ASCII: A character encoding standard that assigns unique numeric codes to represent characters. The conversion performed by toLowerCase() follows ASCII rules for changing uppercase letters.
Method Chaining: In programming, method chaining refers to calling multiple methods in sequence on an object. You can chain methods like substring() and toLowerCase() together for more complex transformations on strings.