Effector Proteins: Effector proteins are molecules or enzymes within the cell that directly carry out the specific cellular response once they are activated by a signal transduction pathway.
Transcription Factors: Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. They play a crucial role in determining which genes will be turned "on" or "off" in response to signaling events.
Apoptosis: Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a controlled and regulated process where cells undergo self-destruction. It is an essential cellular response for eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells during development or in response to stress signals.