Realism

Definition

Realism is a theoretical perspective in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international politics. It suggests that nations act primarily in their own self-interest and that power dynamics, rather than moral or ideological considerations, drive global interactions. Realism is deeply rooted in the understanding of human nature and the anarchic structure of the international system.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism posits that human beings are inherently selfish, which influences how states behave in the international arena.
2. The theory underscores the importance of military power and security in national policy, as states seek to maintain sovereignty and defend against potential threats.
3. Realists argue that international relations are characterized by an ongoing struggle for power, with states prioritizing their interests over ethical considerations.
4. The realist perspective has been influential in shaping foreign policy strategies, particularly during periods of geopolitical tension like the Cold War.
5. Prominent realists include theorists such as Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz, whose ideas have contributed significantly to the development of realism as a foundational theory in international relations.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain the behavior of states in the international system?
  • Realism explains that states act primarily based on their self-interest, driven by the desire for power and security. In this view, states operate in an anarchic environment where no central authority exists to enforce rules or provide security. As a result, nations must prioritize their own survival and interests, often leading to competition and conflict as they seek to enhance their position relative to others.
• Evaluate the implications of realism on foreign policy decision-making.
  • Realism significantly impacts foreign policy by prioritizing national interest and security over moral or ideological factors. Decision-makers influenced by realism often adopt strategies focused on military strength and alliances that enhance state power. This approach can lead to pragmatic decisions aimed at maintaining balance of power, even if those decisions conflict with ethical considerations or humanitarian concerns.
• Assess how realism addresses issues of global cooperation in light of its emphasis on competition and conflict.
  • While realism primarily focuses on competition and conflict, it recognizes that cooperation can occur when it serves national interests. States may engage in alliances or treaties if they perceive a mutual benefit or shared threat that enhances their security. However, such cooperation is often seen as temporary or conditional, as realists believe that underlying self-interest will ultimately prevail. This perspective challenges more idealistic views of international relations that emphasize cooperation as a primary goal.

Related terms

Balance of Power: A principle in international relations where power is distributed among multiple nations to prevent any one nation from becoming too powerful.

National Interest: The goals or objectives that a nation considers to be vital for its survival and well-being, often driving foreign policy decisions.

Anarchy: The absence of a central authority in the international system, leading to a self-help environment where states must rely on their own capabilities for security.