, founded in 15th century India, blends elements of Hinduism and Islam into a unique monotheistic faith. It emerged during a time of religious and social upheaval, emphasizing equality, devotion, and selfless service as core principles.
The religion's sacred text, the , guides Sikh beliefs and practices. Sikhism promotes social justice, rejects the caste system, and encourages community service through practices like , where free meals are served to all.
Origins of Sikhism
Sikhism emerged in the 15th century as a monotheistic religion in the Punjab region of India
Explores the historical and cultural context that gave rise to Sikhism, providing insight into the religious landscape of medieval India
Examines the foundational principles of Sikhism and their relevance to the broader study of world religions in humanities
Guru Nanak's life
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Born in 1469 CE in Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib, Pakistan)
Experienced a divine revelation at age 30, leading to his spiritual awakening
Embarked on extensive travels (udasis) across South Asia and the Middle East to spread his teachings
Emphasized the importance of devotion, selfless service, and equality among all people
Established the first Sikh community in Kartarpur, where he implemented the concepts of langar and
Historical context in India
Flourished during a period of religious and social upheaval in medieval India
Emerged against the backdrop of Hindu-Muslim tensions and the rigid caste system
Responded to the socio-economic inequalities and religious conflicts of the time
Coincided with the rise of the Bhakti movement, which emphasized devotional worship and rejected ritualism
Developed during the early years of the Mughal Empire, influencing its interactions with political powers
Influences from other religions
Incorporated elements from both Hinduism and Islam, creating a unique synthesis
Adopted the concept of monotheism from Islam, rejecting idolatry and polytheism
Embraced the Hindu concepts of karma and reincarnation, but reinterpreted them
Influenced by Sufi mysticism, particularly in its emphasis on direct spiritual experience
Rejected many practices from both Hinduism and Islam, such as fasting, pilgrimage, and ritualistic worship
Core beliefs and practices
Sikhism's fundamental principles form the basis of its religious and social teachings
Explores the central tenets that guide Sikh life and worship, providing insight into their worldview
Examines how Sikh beliefs translate into practical actions and social engagement, relevant to understanding religious ethics in humanities
Concept of one God
Believes in a single, formless, and eternal God called or
Emphasizes the omnipresent and omnipotent nature of God
Rejects the idea of incarnations or divine avatars
Teaches that God can be realized through meditation, selfless service, and righteous living
Promotes the idea that all paths lead to the same God, fostering religious tolerance
Equality and social justice
Advocates for the fundamental equality of all human beings, regardless of caste, gender, or social status
Rejects the caste system and promotes social equality through practices like langar
Encourages women's participation in all religious and social activities
Promotes the concept of (), balancing spiritual and temporal responsibilities
Emphasizes the importance of standing up against injustice and oppression
Sewa and langar
refers to selfless service performed without expectation of reward or recognition
Includes various forms of community service, such as volunteering at gurdwaras or helping those in need
Langar is the practice of serving free communal meals to all visitors, regardless of background
Symbolizes equality and community bonding, with everyone sitting together on the floor to eat
Encourages Sikhs to participate in meal preparation, serving, and cleanup as a form of sewa
Sacred texts and scriptures
Sikhism's holy scriptures form the foundation of its religious teachings and practices
Explores the central role of sacred texts in Sikh worship and daily life
Examines how Sikh scriptures contribute to the preservation and transmission of religious knowledge, relevant to understanding religious literature in humanities
Guru Granth Sahib
Considered the eternal and supreme spiritual authority in Sikhism
Compiled by Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, in 1604 CE
Contains hymns and teachings of Sikh Gurus, Hindu and Muslim saints, and low-caste poets
Written in Gurmukhi script and includes languages like Punjabi, Sanskrit, and Persian
Treated with utmost respect, placed on a raised platform (takht) in gurdwaras
Dasam Granth
Attributed to the tenth Sikh Guru,
Contains hymns, autobiographical accounts, and philosophical treatises
Includes the Jaap Sahib, a morning prayer recited by many Sikhs
Controversial among some Sikhs due to questions about its authorship and content
Not accorded the same status as the Guru Granth Sahib but still respected by many Sikhs
Importance of hymns
Hymns (shabads) form a significant part of Sikh scripture and worship
Sung or recited during religious ceremonies and personal devotion
Believed to have transformative power, helping devotees connect with the divine
Often set to classical Indian ragas, creating a rich tradition of Sikh devotional music
Used for guidance, inspiration, and spiritual instruction in daily Sikh life
Key Terms to Review (28)
Darbar sahib: Darbar Sahib, often referred to as the Golden Temple, is the holiest gurdwara in Sikhism located in Amritsar, India. It serves as a central place of worship for Sikhs and symbolizes the spiritual and cultural heart of the Sikh community. The complex is known for its stunning architecture, serene atmosphere, and the practice of communal meals, highlighting the values of equality and selfless service within Sikhism.
Dasam Granth: The Dasam Granth is a significant scripture in Sikhism, attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru. It serves as a complement to the Guru Granth Sahib and contains a diverse collection of hymns, poems, and writings that emphasize themes of devotion, morality, and spirituality. This text plays a crucial role in the Sikh tradition, reflecting Guru Gobind Singh's teachings and his vision for the Sikh community.
Divali: Divali, also known as Diwali, is a significant Hindu festival celebrated primarily in India and by Hindu communities worldwide, symbolizing the victory of light over darkness and good over evil. It is marked by the lighting of lamps, fireworks, and the exchange of sweets and gifts, embodying themes of hope, renewal, and prosperity. The festival usually lasts five days and includes various rituals that vary by region and community, showcasing a rich tapestry of cultural traditions.
Formation of Khalsa: The Formation of Khalsa refers to the establishment of a collective body of initiated Sikhs, known as the Khalsa, by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. This significant event aimed to create a community committed to justice, equality, and spiritual discipline, solidifying Sikh identity and values against oppression. The Khalsa was characterized by its unique set of codes of conduct, including the adoption of the Five Ks, which distinguish its members from others.
Gurdwara: A gurdwara is a place of worship for Sikhs, where the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, is installed and respected. It serves as a community center where followers gather for prayer, singing hymns, and sharing meals, promoting the values of equality, service, and community engagement central to Sikh teachings. The gurdwara embodies the spirit of inclusivity and hospitality, welcoming individuals from all backgrounds to participate in its activities.
Gurpurab: Gurpurab is a significant celebration in Sikhism that commemorates the birthdays of the Sikh Gurus, especially Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. These celebrations are marked by special prayers, hymns, and community gatherings, reflecting the core values of Sikh faith such as devotion, service, and equality. Each Gurpurab serves as a reminder of the teachings and contributions of the Gurus to the Sikh community and humanity at large.
Guru: A guru is a spiritual teacher or guide in Sikhism who provides knowledge, wisdom, and insight to their followers. In Sikh tradition, the term specifically refers to the ten Sikh Gurus, who are revered as enlightened beings that laid down the foundations of Sikh faith and practice. The teachings of these Gurus emphasize the importance of community, equality, and devotion to God.
Guru Gobind Singh: Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth and final human Guru of Sikhism, serving from 1675 to 1708. He is revered for founding the Khalsa, a collective of initiated Sikhs, and for his significant contributions to Sikh scripture, notably compiling the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the eternal Guru for Sikhs. His leadership and teachings emphasized equality, justice, and spiritual enlightenment.
Guru Granth Sahib: The Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of Sikhism, revered by Sikhs as the final, eternal Guru. It contains the teachings, hymns, and poetry of Sikh Gurus and other saints, forming the spiritual and moral foundation of the Sikh faith. This text plays a central role in Sikh worship and community life, guiding followers in their spiritual journey and ethical conduct.
Guru Nanak: Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus, born in 1469 in what is now Pakistan. He is revered for his teachings on devotion to one God, equality, and social justice, which laid the foundation for Sikh beliefs and practices. His life and teachings emphasize the importance of community service and the rejection of caste distinctions, shaping the core values of Sikhism.
Ik Onkar: Ik Onkar is a fundamental concept in Sikhism that translates to 'One God' or 'There is only one God.' This phrase emphasizes the monotheistic nature of Sikh belief, reflecting the idea that God is unique, omnipresent, and the creator of all. Ik Onkar is not only a declaration of faith but also a central tenet that shapes the spiritual framework of Sikh teachings and practices, encouraging followers to recognize the unity of God in all aspects of life.
Khalsa: Khalsa is a term in Sikhism that refers to the community of initiated Sikhs who have undergone a sacred baptism called Amrit. This initiation symbolizes a commitment to the Sikh faith and its principles, emphasizing equality, justice, and selfless service. The Khalsa was established by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, marking a significant transformation in Sikh identity and community.
Khanda: The Khanda is a significant symbol in Sikhism that represents the belief in one God and the values of truth, justice, and spirituality. It consists of a double-edged sword in the center, flanked by two single-edged swords, and surrounded by a circular emblem. Each component of the Khanda symbolizes important aspects of Sikh philosophy and serves as a reminder of the faith's teachings on unity and the importance of defending righteousness.
Langar: Langar is a community kitchen and dining practice in Sikhism that serves free meals to all visitors, regardless of their background or beliefs. This practice emphasizes the core Sikh principles of equality, selfless service, and community bonding. It plays a crucial role in promoting social justice and breaking down barriers between different social classes, allowing people to sit together and share a meal as equals.
Miri-piri: Miri-piri is a concept in Sikhism that represents the dual nature of spiritual and temporal authority, embodying the idea that one must balance both aspects in life. This term signifies the importance of engaging in worldly affairs while maintaining a strong spiritual connection, highlighting how both dimensions are crucial for living a fulfilling and responsible life as a Sikh.
Namdhari: Namdhari is a sect within Sikhism that emphasizes a strict adherence to the teachings of Sikh Gurus and promotes a distinctive form of worship and community life. Founded in the 19th century by Baba Ram Singh, the Namdhari movement sought to reform Sikh practices and assert a more orthodox interpretation of Sikh beliefs, especially during a time when the community faced external challenges and internal divisions.
Nanakpanthi Movement: The Nanakpanthi movement is a religious and social movement that emerged in the 15th century, based on the teachings of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. This movement emphasizes devotion to one God, equality among all people, and the importance of community service, reflecting the core values of Sikhism while also influencing broader spiritual practices in South Asia.
Nishan sahib: Nishan Sahib is a significant Sikh flag, symbolizing the presence of the Guru and representing the Sikh community. This flag, which is typically made of saffron or orange fabric, is often adorned with the Khanda, a symbol of Sikhism, and serves as a beacon of faith and unity among Sikhs. It is prominently displayed at gurdwaras (Sikh temples) and during religious processions, reflecting the core beliefs and identity of the Sikh faith.
Operation Blue Star: Operation Blue Star was a military operation conducted by the Indian Army in June 1984 aimed at removing Sikh militants, including Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, from the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab. This event marked a significant turning point in Sikh history and led to widespread repercussions within the Sikh community and India as a whole.
Panj pyare: Panj pyare, which translates to 'the five beloved ones', refers to the five initiators of the Khalsa, a significant milestone in Sikhism established by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. These five men were chosen to represent the ideals of bravery, selflessness, and commitment to the Sikh faith. They play a crucial role in Sikh identity and symbolize the principles of equality, sacrifice, and community.
Radha Soami: Radha Soami refers to a spiritual philosophy and movement that originated in India in the 19th century, emphasizing the importance of personal spiritual experience and the connection to the divine. It is closely associated with the teachings of various spiritual leaders who advocate for inner realization, meditation, and ethical living, forming a key part of Sikh spiritual practices and beliefs.
Sangat: Sangat refers to the spiritual congregation or community of Sikhs that gathers for worship, learning, and sharing. It plays a vital role in Sikhism as it emphasizes the importance of collective faith and the sharing of knowledge and experiences among members, fostering a sense of unity and belonging in the Sikh community.
Seva: Seva is a fundamental concept in Sikhism that refers to selfless service and the act of serving others without any expectation of reward or recognition. This practice is deeply rooted in the teachings of Sikh Gurus, emphasizing humility, compassion, and community welfare. Seva is not only a moral obligation for Sikhs but also a means of expressing devotion to God and contributing to the betterment of society.
Sewa: Sewa is a fundamental concept in Sikhism that refers to selfless service performed for the benefit of others without any expectation of reward. This principle emphasizes the importance of altruism and community welfare, urging individuals to engage in acts that uplift and support those in need. Sewa is not just an act of charity; it is a way of life that reflects the Sikh commitment to equality, humility, and the collective good of humanity.
Sikhism: Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of India in the 15th century, founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It emphasizes the belief in one God, equality among all people, and the importance of community service, with teachings recorded in the Guru Granth Sahib, the central religious scripture of Sikhism. The religion is characterized by its unique practices, symbols, and a strong commitment to social justice.
Singh Sabha Movement: The Singh Sabha Movement was a reform movement within Sikhism that began in the late 19th century, aimed at revitalizing the faith by addressing social, religious, and educational issues among Sikhs. It sought to counteract the influence of British colonialism, the rise of superstition, and the challenges posed by Hindu orthodoxy, promoting a return to the core teachings of Sikhism and an emphasis on education and social reform.
Vaisakhi: Vaisakhi is an important Sikh festival celebrated in April, marking the start of the new harvest season and commemorating the formation of the Khalsa in 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh. This festival holds great significance for Sikhs as it symbolizes renewal, equality, and the community's unity, emphasizing agricultural prosperity and spiritual rebirth.
Waheguru: Waheguru is a term in Sikhism that refers to the divine, often translated as 'Wonderful Teacher' or 'God.' It is used to express reverence for the one supreme reality and signifies the spiritual essence that pervades the universe. In Sikh belief, Waheguru is both transcendent and immanent, meaning that God exists beyond the physical world while also being present within it and within every individual.