🫦Intro to Human Sexuality Unit 10 – STIs and Sexual Health

What Are STIs?

• STIs are infections transmitted through sexual contact including vaginal, anal, and oral sex
• Caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites that infect the genital area, mouth, or rectum
• Can affect anyone who is sexually active regardless of age, gender, or sexual orientation
• Many STIs are asymptomatic meaning infected individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms
• Left untreated, STIs can lead to serious health complications (infertility, chronic pain, certain cancers)
• Contracting one STI increases susceptibility to other STIs, including HIV
• Pregnant women can pass STIs to their babies during pregnancy, childbirth, or through breastfeeding
• Prevention methods include practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated, and regular STI testing

Common STIs and Their Symptoms

• Chlamydia: often asymptomatic, but can cause abnormal discharge, burning during urination, and pelvic pain
• Gonorrhea: similar symptoms to chlamydia, plus painful bowel movements and anal itching
• Syphilis: begins with a painless sore, followed by rashes, fever, and swollen lymph nodes if left untreated
• Herpes: painful blisters or sores on the genitals or mouth, flu-like symptoms, and burning during urination
  • Two types: HSV-1 (oral herpes) and HSV-2 (genital herpes)
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): often asymptomatic, but some strains cause genital warts or cervical cancer
• Trichomoniasis: foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching, and painful urination
• Hepatitis B and C: can cause liver damage, jaundice, and flu-like symptoms
• HIV/AIDS: weakens the immune system, leading to opportunistic infections and cancers

Transmission and Prevention

• STIs are primarily transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person
• Some STIs (Hepatitis B, HIV) can also be transmitted through sharing needles or contact with infected blood
• Barrier methods (condoms, dental dams) can reduce the risk of transmission during sexual activity
• Vaccines are available for HPV, Hepatitis A and B to prevent infection
• Abstinence or engaging in non-penetrative sexual activities eliminates the risk of STI transmission
• Limiting the number of sexual partners and knowing their STI status can lower the risk of infection
• Avoiding sexual contact when STI symptoms are present helps prevent spreading the infection to others
• Regularly washing sex toys and avoiding sharing them with multiple partners reduces transmission risk

Testing and Diagnosis

• Regular STI testing is crucial for early detection and treatment, especially for asymptomatic infections
• Testing typically involves providing a urine sample, blood sample, or genital swab
• Different STIs require specific tests (culture, PCR, antibody tests) for accurate diagnosis
  • Chlamydia and gonorrhea: urine sample or genital swab
  • HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis: blood tests
• Testing is recommended for all sexually active individuals, especially those with multiple partners or engaging in high-risk behaviors
• Pregnant women should be tested for STIs to prevent transmission to their babies
• Many healthcare providers offer confidential STI testing and treatment services
• At-home STI testing kits are available, but it's essential to follow up with a healthcare provider for confirmation and treatment

Treatment Options

• Bacterial STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis) are typically treated with antibiotics
  • It's crucial to complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed
• Viral STIs (herpes, HIV, HPV) have no cure, but symptoms can be managed with antiviral medications
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps control HIV infection and prevents progression to AIDS
• Parasitic STIs (trichomoniasis) are treated with antiparasitic medications
• It's essential for all sexual partners to be treated simultaneously to avoid reinfection
• Follow-up testing may be necessary to ensure the infection has been successfully treated
• Vaccines (HPV, Hepatitis B) can prevent future infections but do not treat existing ones
• Adopting healthier lifestyle habits (balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management) can support overall sexual health and immune function

Sexual Health and Wellness

• Sexual health encompasses physical, emotional, and social well-being related to sexuality
• Practicing safe sex (using condoms, getting tested regularly) is essential for maintaining sexual health
• Open and honest communication with sexual partners about STIs, testing, and boundaries promotes healthy relationships
• Engaging in consensual, pleasurable sexual activities can have positive effects on mental and emotional well-being
• Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help monitor sexual health and address any concerns
• Maintaining a balanced lifestyle (healthy diet, regular exercise, sufficient sleep) supports overall sexual function and well-being
• Seeking therapy or counseling can help address sexual trauma, dysfunction, or relationship issues
• Educating oneself about sexual health topics and resources empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their well-being

Societal Impact and Stigma

• STIs are a significant public health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide each year
• Stigma and shame surrounding STIs can prevent individuals from seeking testing and treatment
  • This can lead to the further spread of infections and delayed medical care
• Certain populations (LGBTQ+ individuals, racial/ethnic minorities, sex workers) may face additional barriers to accessing sexual healthcare due to discrimination and marginalization
• Comprehensive sex education programs can help reduce STI transmission and promote sexual health
• Media representation of STIs often perpetuates stereotypes and misinformation, contributing to stigma
• Criminalizing STI transmission can discourage testing and disclosure, ultimately hindering public health efforts
• Advocating for policies that support sexual health services and education is crucial for reducing the societal impact of STIs
• Normalizing conversations about sexual health and STIs can help break down stigma and encourage individuals to prioritize their well-being

Resources and Support

• Healthcare providers (primary care physicians, gynecologists, urologists) offer STI testing, treatment, and counseling
• Local health departments and community clinics often provide low-cost or free STI services
• Planned Parenthood offers comprehensive sexual healthcare, including STI testing and treatment
• Online resources (CDC, WHO, ASHA) provide accurate information about STIs and sexual health
• Support groups and forums can connect individuals with others who have experienced STIs, offering emotional support and advice
• STI-specific organizations (National HPV Vaccination Roundtable, Herpes Opportunity) provide targeted resources and advocacy
• Hotlines (CDC STD Hotline, National HIV Hotline) offer confidential support and referrals to local services
• Mobile apps (Safely, myLAB Box) can help individuals track their sexual health and access testing and treatment options