🌿Intro to Environmental Science Unit 9 – Climate Change: Global Impacts
Climate change is altering our planet at an unprecedented rate. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and shifting ecosystems are just a few of the global impacts we're witnessing. These changes are primarily driven by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels.
The consequences of climate change are far-reaching, affecting everything from human health to the economy. As temperatures rise, sea levels climb, and weather patterns become more erratic, we're seeing profound effects on ecosystems, agriculture, and human societies worldwide.
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global or regional climate patterns
Primarily attributed to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels
Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 2.05 degrees Fahrenheit (1.14 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century
Most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years
2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year on record
Warming is causing widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere
Greenhouse gases trap heat and make the planet warmer
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities
Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases also contribute to the greenhouse effect
Climate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts
The Science Behind the Warming
The Earth's climate is regulated by the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit some of the outgoing infrared radiation, causing the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere to warm
This process is known as the greenhouse effect
Without the natural greenhouse effect, Earth's average temperature would be near 0°F (-18°C) instead of the much warmer 59°F (15°C)
Human activities, particularly burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
CO2 levels have increased by more than 50% since the Industrial Revolution began around 1750
Methane levels have more than doubled
Deforestation and land-use changes also contribute to the increasing greenhouse gas concentrations
The current warming trend is of particular significance because it is unequivocally the result of human activity since the mid-20th century and proceeding at an unprecedented rate over millennia
Climate models project continued warming under all plausible future emission scenarios, with the rate and magnitude of warming primarily determined by the cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases
Global Impacts: It's Getting Hot in Here
Global temperature rise is causing observable effects on the environment
Glaciers are shrinking, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges are shifting, and trees are flowering sooner
Effects that scientists had predicted would result from global climate change are now occurring
Loss of sea ice
Accelerated sea level rise
Longer, more intense heat waves
Scientists have high confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) forecasts a temperature rise of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century
Future changes are expected to include more frequent wildfires, longer periods of drought in some regions, and an increase in the number, duration, and intensity of tropical storms
Global sea level rose about 8 inches (20 centimeters) in the last century
The rate in the last two decades is nearly double that of the last century and accelerating slightly every year
Ecosystems on the Edge
Climate change is causing significant impacts on ecosystems around the world
Many plant and animal species are shifting their geographic ranges, seasonal activities, migration patterns, and interactions in response to ongoing climate change
Some species will adapt to new conditions, while others will suffer population declines or go extinct
Warming is causing spring events, such as leaf unfolding and egg laying, to happen earlier in the year
Species' geographic ranges are shifting to higher latitudes and elevations as temperatures warm
In the Northern Hemisphere, species are moving northward and to higher elevations
Coral reefs, which are highly sensitive to small changes in water temperature, are suffering mass bleaching events and die-offs
Half of the Great Barrier Reef has been bleached to death since 2016
Warmer, drier conditions are contributing to more frequent and intense wildfires
The number of large wildfires in the western United States has increased since the early 1980s
Pests and invasive species are expanding their ranges into new territories as conditions become more favorable for their survival
Rising Waters and Extreme Weather
Global sea level is rising due to two main factors related to global warming: the added water from melting ice sheets and glaciers, and the expansion of seawater as it warms
Sea level rise will cause inundation of low-lying lands, more destructive storm surges, and displacement of millions of people in coastal areas and island nations
A 2-foot rise in global sea level would displace 14 million people in the United States alone
Hurricanes are becoming more intense, with stronger winds and more precipitation, due to warmer ocean waters that fuel their energy
The proportion of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has increased substantially in recent decades
Extreme precipitation events, both heavy downpours and major snowstorms, are becoming more frequent and intense
The frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased since 1950 in most regions of the United States
Droughts are becoming more frequent and severe in some regions as temperatures rise and precipitation patterns change
The Southwest United States has experienced increasing drought conditions, with more frequent and intense mega-droughts
Human Health and Social Consequences
Climate change is affecting human health in a variety of ways
Extreme heat events are becoming more frequent and intense, leading to increased heat-related illnesses and deaths
The European heat wave of 2003 resulted in over 70,000 excess deaths
Air pollution and airborne allergens are increasing, exacerbating respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergies
The geographic range and transmission season of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, are expanding as temperatures warm
Water and food security are threatened by changing precipitation patterns, droughts, and extreme weather events
Crop yields are projected to decline in many regions as temperatures rise and water stress increases
Climate change is a "threat multiplier" that exacerbates existing social and political stresses and can contribute to conflict and migration
The Syrian refugee crisis has been linked in part to a severe drought worsened by climate change
Indigenous communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, as their livelihoods and cultural identities are often closely tied to the land and natural resources
Economic Ripple Effects
Climate change is having significant economic consequences across sectors and regions
Agriculture is being impacted by changing temperature and precipitation patterns, with crop yields projected to decline in many regions
Each degree Celsius increase in global mean temperature is estimated to reduce global yields of wheat by 6%, rice by 3.2%, and maize by 7.4%
Tourism and outdoor recreation industries are being affected by changes in snow cover, sea level rise, and extreme weather events
Ski resorts at lower elevations are experiencing shorter and more variable ski seasons
Energy demand is increasing for cooling in the summer, while heating demand is decreasing in the winter
This shift in energy demand is straining electric grids and increasing energy costs
Infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and coastal properties, is being damaged or destroyed by sea level rise, storm surges, and extreme weather events
The cost of coastal flooding in the United States could reach $1 trillion annually by 2050
The insurance industry is facing increasing costs from climate-related disasters, such as hurricanes, wildfires, and floods
Global insured losses from natural disasters have increased from an annual average of around 10billioninthe1980stoaround50 billion in the last decade
Taking Action: Mitigation and Adaptation
Addressing climate change requires a two-pronged approach: mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (preparing for and responding to the impacts)
Mitigation strategies include transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, reducing deforestation, and implementing carbon pricing mechanisms
The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C
Adaptation strategies include building resilient infrastructure, developing early warning systems for extreme weather events, and improving water management practices
The Netherlands has implemented a comprehensive flood defense system, including dikes, sand dunes, and flood barriers
Nature-based solutions, such as restoring wetlands and planting trees, can provide both mitigation and adaptation benefits
Mangrove forests protect coastal communities from storm surges and sequester large amounts of carbon
Individual actions, such as reducing energy consumption, driving less, and eating a plant-based diet, can also contribute to climate change mitigation
Education and public awareness are crucial for building support for climate action and encouraging behavior change
The youth-led Fridays for Future movement has organized global climate strikes and raised awareness about the urgency of the climate crisis