9.1 Major ethnic subgroups and their histories
4 min read•august 1, 2024
Asian America is a tapestry of diverse ethnicities, each with its own unique history and immigration story. From early Chinese laborers to recent Indian tech workers, these groups have shaped the Asian American experience in profound ways.
US immigration policies have played a crucial role in this story. From exclusionary laws to more open policies post-1965, these changes have dramatically impacted the size, composition, and experiences of Asian American communities across the country.
Asian Ethnic Subgroups in the US
Major Asian American Groups
Top images from around the web for Major Asian American Groups
History of Asian Americans - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
Imagining America » Yellow Peril in the U.S.: Legacy of The Chinese Exclusion act and analysis ... View original
Is this image relevant?
Asian immigration to the United States - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
History of Asian Americans - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
Imagining America » Yellow Peril in the U.S.: Legacy of The Chinese Exclusion act and analysis ... View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Top images from around the web for Major Asian American Groups
History of Asian Americans - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
Imagining America » Yellow Peril in the U.S.: Legacy of The Chinese Exclusion act and analysis ... View original
Is this image relevant?
Asian immigration to the United States - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
History of Asian Americans - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
Imagining America » Yellow Peril in the U.S.: Legacy of The Chinese Exclusion act and analysis ... View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
- originate primarily from China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan representing one of the largest and oldest Asian American communities in the US
- trace their roots to the Philippines constituting the second-largest Asian American group
- originating from India are the third-largest Asian American group and one of the fastest-growing immigrant communities
- predominantly from Vietnam form a significant Southeast Asian community in the US
- with origins in both South and North Korea have established a notable presence in American society
- primarily from Japan have a long and complex history in the US dating back to the late 19th century
Other Significant Asian American Subgroups
- fled political turmoil and genocide in Cambodia during the 1970s and 1980s
- originate from Laos and immigrated as refugees following the Vietnam War
- came to the US as refugees after the communist takeover of Laos in 1975
- immigrated for various reasons including education, employment, and marriage to US citizens
- have diverse immigration histories including professionals, students, and family reunification
- began immigrating in larger numbers after Bangladesh's independence in 1971
- represent a smaller but growing community with diverse immigration motivations
Immigration History of Asian Americans
Early Immigration Waves
- Chinese immigration began in the mid-19th century driven by economic opportunities during the (1848-1855) and railroad construction ()
- Japanese immigration started in the late 19th century primarily for agricultural work in Hawaii and California
- Filipino immigration was influenced by American colonization of the Philippines with early waves arriving as US nationals for agricultural work (Hawaii sugar plantations) and military service
- Indian immigration occurred in distinct phases with early arrivals in the late 19th century as laborers in the Western United States
Post-1965 Immigration
- Vietnamese immigration surged after the Vietnam War (1975) primarily as refugees fleeing political persecution and economic hardship
- Korean immigration increased significantly after the Korean War (1950-1953) driven by political instability economic opportunities and family reunification policies
- Indian immigration expanded with professionals and students entering after the 1965 Immigration Act
- Southeast Asian immigration including Cambodian Hmong and Laotian communities largely resulted from refugee resettlement following conflicts in their home countries during the 1970s and 1980s (Cambodian genocide, Secret War in Laos)
Immigration Experiences of Asian Ethnic Subgroups
Early Settlement Patterns
- Early Chinese and Japanese immigrants predominantly settled on the West Coast working in agriculture mining and railroad construction while facing significant racial discrimination and exclusionary laws
- Filipino Americans initially concentrated in Hawaii and California for agricultural work later dispersing more widely across the United States due to naval service and healthcare professions
- Japanese Americans faced forced relocation and internment during World War II which disrupted established communities and led to more dispersed settlement patterns post-war
Contemporary Settlement Trends
- Indian Americans have typically settled in urban areas with high-tech industries and universities reflecting their immigration as skilled professionals and students (Silicon Valley, New York, Chicago)
- Vietnamese Cambodian and Hmong refugees were often initially resettled in various locations across the United States through government programs leading to more dispersed communities
- Korean Americans have established significant enclaves in major urban areas often centered around small businesses and ethnic economies (Koreatown in Los Angeles)
- More recent immigrant groups such as Bangladeshi and Pakistani Americans have tended to concentrate in major metropolitan areas with existing South Asian communities and economic opportunities (New York City, Houston)
Impact of US Immigration Policies on Asian Americans
Exclusionary Policies
- The of 1882 severely restricted Chinese immigration for decades shaping the demographic composition and experiences of Chinese Americans
- The effectively banned all Asian immigration except for Filipinos who were US nationals profoundly affecting the growth and development of Asian American communities
- The of 1952 allowed limited Asian immigration slightly easing restrictions but maintaining national origin quotas that favored European immigration
Liberalization of Immigration Laws
- The abolished national origin quotas leading to increased immigration from Asia and dramatically changing the demographic landscape of Asian America
- The standardized resettlement services for refugees significantly impacting the experiences of Southeast Asian refugees from Vietnam Cambodia and Laos
- Family reunification policies have played a crucial role in shaping the growth and composition of various Asian American communities particularly after the 1965 Immigration Act
Contemporary Immigration Policies
- The has influenced the influx of skilled professionals from countries like India contributing to the growth of Indian American communities in tech hubs
- The has promoted the immigration of individuals from underrepresented countries diversifying Asian immigrant populations (Bangladeshi, Nepali immigrants)
- has provided temporary relief to some Asian immigrants from countries experiencing ongoing conflicts or natural disasters (Nepal, Burma)
Key Terms to Review (39)
Anti-war protests during the Vietnam War: Anti-war protests during the Vietnam War were widespread demonstrations against U.S. involvement in Vietnam, peaking in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These protests were marked by a diverse coalition of individuals, including students, civil rights activists, and various ethnic groups, who voiced their opposition to the war's moral and political implications. The movement significantly influenced public opinion and policy regarding the United States' engagement in Vietnam and shaped broader discussions about war and peace.
Asian American Art Movements: Asian American art movements refer to the artistic expressions and cultural activities that emerged from Asian American communities, often as a response to social, political, and historical experiences. These movements encompass a wide range of styles, mediums, and themes, reflecting the diverse backgrounds and narratives of Asian Americans, while also addressing issues such as identity, racism, and immigration within the broader context of American society.
Asian American Civil Rights Movement: The Asian American Civil Rights Movement refers to the collective efforts by Asian Americans to combat racial discrimination, advocate for social justice, and assert their rights within the United States from the 1960s onward. This movement sought to address issues like immigration policies, economic inequalities, and the fight against stereotypes while uniting various Asian ethnic groups in their struggle for civil rights.
Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund: The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1974 that focuses on protecting and promoting the civil rights of Asian Americans through litigation, advocacy, and education. AALDEF plays a crucial role in addressing systemic discrimination, advocating for immigrant rights, and ensuring that Asian Americans have a voice in the legal and political processes.
Asian American literature: Asian American literature refers to a body of written works by authors of Asian descent in the United States that explores themes related to identity, culture, and the immigrant experience. This literature reflects the diverse histories, struggles, and triumphs of Asian Americans, often addressing issues of racial discrimination, cultural assimilation, and the search for belonging in a multicultural society. The significance of this genre is amplified through its connections to civil rights movements, representation in various art forms, and the unique narratives of major ethnic subgroups within the Asian American community.
Bangladeshi Americans: Bangladeshi Americans are individuals of Bangladeshi descent who have settled in the United States, contributing to the diverse fabric of American society. This community has roots that trace back to the migration waves of the late 20th century, particularly after the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, which led to significant immigration patterns due to political and economic factors. They play a vital role in various sectors, including business, education, and healthcare, while maintaining cultural ties to their heritage.
California Gold Rush: The California Gold Rush was a mass migration of an estimated 300,000 people to California from 1848 to 1855, triggered by the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill. This event not only led to a significant increase in the state's population but also dramatically influenced the social, economic, and ethnic landscape of California, as people from diverse backgrounds sought their fortunes in gold mining.
Cambodian Americans: Cambodian Americans are individuals of Cambodian descent who have settled in the United States, particularly following the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s. This community has faced significant challenges, including cultural adjustment, economic hardships, and social discrimination, while also contributing to the rich tapestry of American diversity.
Chain Migration: Chain migration refers to a process where immigrants follow family members or friends who have already settled in a new country, leading to subsequent waves of immigration. This phenomenon is significant as it creates established networks that can help newcomers navigate the challenges of resettlement, impacting social and economic dynamics within communities.
Chinese Americans: Chinese Americans are individuals of Chinese descent who were born or reside in the United States. They have a rich history that encompasses migration patterns, cultural integration, and significant contributions to American society, particularly during pivotal moments in U.S. history.
Chinese Exclusion Act: The Chinese Exclusion Act was a federal law enacted in 1882 that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States, marking the first significant legal restriction on immigration based on ethnicity. This act reflected the growing anti-Chinese sentiment in America, driven by economic competition and racial prejudice, and set a precedent for future exclusionary immigration laws.
Discrimination faced by southeast asian refugees: Discrimination faced by Southeast Asian refugees refers to the unfair treatment and prejudice experienced by individuals from countries like Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia who fled their homelands due to war, persecution, and instability. This discrimination often manifests in various forms such as racism, economic inequality, and social exclusion, deeply affecting their ability to integrate into American society and access resources.
Diversity Visa Lottery: The Diversity Visa Lottery is a program established by the United States government to promote immigration from countries with low rates of immigration to the U.S. It provides a limited number of visas each year to individuals from eligible countries, allowing them the opportunity to obtain permanent resident status. This program aims to diversify the immigrant population in the U.S. and is a significant component of the broader immigration system that also includes professional and family-based immigration pathways.
Filipino Americans: Filipino Americans are individuals of Filipino descent who have immigrated to or were born in the United States. This community has a rich history that reflects the broader narrative of Asian American experiences, marked by periods of significant migration, cultural exchange, and contributions to American society.
Gold Rush Era: The Gold Rush Era refers to the period during the mid-19th century, particularly from 1848 to 1855, when large numbers of people flocked to California in search of gold following its discovery at Sutter's Mill. This massive influx of miners and fortune seekers led to significant demographic, economic, and social changes in the region, shaping the histories of various ethnic subgroups that participated in the gold rush.
Grace Lee Boggs: Grace Lee Boggs was a Chinese American activist, writer, and philosopher known for her contributions to civil rights and social justice movements in the United States. Her work emphasized the importance of interethnic coalitions and Pan-Asian solidarity, highlighting how different ethnic groups can unite for common goals in the fight against oppression.
H-1B Visa Program: The H-1B visa program is a non-immigrant visa in the United States that allows U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialty occupations that require theoretical or technical expertise. This program is essential for industries facing labor shortages and plays a significant role in shaping the workforce of major ethnic subgroups, particularly those from Asia.
Hmong Americans: Hmong Americans are members of the Hmong ethnic group who migrated to the United States, primarily after the Vietnam War, as refugees seeking safety and a better life. They have formed vibrant communities across the U.S., contributing to the multicultural landscape while navigating challenges related to integration and socioeconomic status.
Immigration Act of 1924: The Immigration Act of 1924 was a significant piece of legislation that aimed to severely restrict immigration to the United States, particularly targeting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as all Asians. This act established quotas based on national origins, effectively limiting the number of immigrants from certain countries and shaping the demographics of future immigration patterns, which had profound implications for various Asian communities and their histories in America.
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was a significant piece of legislation that reformed the U.S. immigration system by abolishing an earlier quota system based on national origin. This act opened the doors for immigrants from Asia, especially South Asia, and changed the demographic landscape of the country by emphasizing family reunification and skilled labor over previous discriminatory practices.
Indian Americans: Indian Americans are individuals of Indian descent who have migrated to or been born in the United States, creating a significant ethnic subgroup within the American population. They represent a diverse community with various cultural, linguistic, and religious backgrounds, often maintaining strong ties to their Indian heritage while also contributing to the multicultural landscape of America.
Indonesian Americans: Indonesian Americans are individuals of Indonesian descent who have migrated to the United States or are born in the U.S. to Indonesian parents. This group has a rich history that reflects the broader patterns of Asian immigration to America, marked by waves of migration influenced by political, economic, and social factors in Indonesia, as well as the opportunities available in the U.S.
Japanese American Citizens League: The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) is a civil rights organization founded in 1929 to advocate for the rights and welfare of Japanese Americans. The JACL emerged as a response to discrimination and prejudice faced by Japanese Americans, especially during World War II, when they were unjustly interned due to Executive Order 9066. The league played a crucial role in fighting for redress, supporting military service among Japanese Americans, and promoting community resilience.
Japanese Americans: Japanese Americans are individuals of Japanese ancestry who were born or settled in the United States. Their history is marked by significant events such as forced relocation during World War II and the ongoing challenges related to identity, discrimination, and socioeconomic status in American society.
Korean Americans: Korean Americans are individuals of Korean descent who have immigrated to the United States or are born in the U.S. to Korean parents. This group has a rich history marked by significant waves of immigration, cultural contributions, and social challenges that connect them to the broader narrative of Asian American history.
Korean War impact on Korean Americans: The Korean War, which occurred from 1950 to 1953, significantly influenced the lives of Korean Americans and their community in the United States. This conflict not only led to an increase in the Korean American population due to immigration, but it also fostered a greater awareness of Korean culture and issues among the American public. As a result of the war, many Korean Americans experienced challenges such as discrimination, economic hardship, and cultural identity struggles, while also gaining visibility and support from broader American society.
Language barriers in immigrant communities: Language barriers in immigrant communities refer to the challenges faced by individuals who do not speak the dominant language of their new country, which can hinder communication, access to services, and social integration. These barriers can impact education, employment opportunities, healthcare access, and overall community engagement, as individuals struggle to express themselves and understand others in their new environment.
Laotian Americans: Laotian Americans are individuals of Laotian descent who have immigrated to the United States or are born to Laotian immigrant parents. This group has a unique history that intertwines with major historical events in Laos, including the Vietnam War and the subsequent refugee crisis, which significantly shaped their migration patterns and experiences in America.
McCarran-Walter Act: The McCarran-Walter Act, officially known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, was a significant piece of legislation that revised U.S. immigration policy and established new categories for immigration and naturalization. This act reflected the shifting attitudes towards immigration during the Cold War era, balancing national security concerns with a desire for skilled labor and family reunification, and had lasting implications on various ethnic communities and their integration into American society.
Model Minority: The term 'model minority' refers to a minority group that is perceived as achieving a higher degree of success than the average population, often in areas such as education and income. This concept can create stereotypes and pressures on members of minority groups, influencing how they are viewed and treated in society.
Pakistani Americans: Pakistani Americans are individuals of Pakistani descent who have migrated to the United States or are born to Pakistani parents living in the country. This group is part of the larger South Asian American community and has a rich history that reflects various waves of immigration, cultural integration, and social contributions within the U.S.
Post-1965 immigration era: The post-1965 immigration era refers to the period following the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which significantly altered U.S. immigration policy by ending racial quotas and prioritizing family reunification and skilled workers. This shift led to a dramatic increase in immigrants from Asia and other non-European regions, reshaping the demographic landscape of the United States and contributing to the growth of various ethnic subgroups, particularly among Asian Americans.
Refugee Act of 1980: The Refugee Act of 1980 is a United States federal law that reformed the process for admitting refugees into the country, establishing a clear definition of refugees and providing for their resettlement. This legislation arose in the context of the Vietnam War and its aftermath, leading to an influx of Southeast Asian refugees, particularly from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, as well as addressing the needs of other refugee populations from around the world.
Temporary protected status (TPS): Temporary Protected Status (TPS) is a humanitarian program established by the U.S. government that allows individuals from certain countries experiencing ongoing conflict, natural disasters, or other extraordinary conditions to live and work in the United States temporarily. This program is crucial for many immigrants who might face unsafe conditions if they return to their home countries.
Thai Americans: Thai Americans are individuals in the United States who are of Thai descent or have origins from Thailand. This group has a unique history that reflects the broader patterns of immigration and cultural integration experienced by Asian American communities, particularly in terms of the waves of migration that occurred from the mid-20th century onward.
Transcontinental railroad: The transcontinental railroad was a significant railway system in the United States that connected the eastern and western coasts, completed in 1869. This monumental achievement not only transformed transportation and commerce but also played a crucial role in shaping the lives and histories of various ethnic subgroups, particularly Asian immigrants who were instrumental in its construction.
Vietnam War impact on Vietnamese Americans: The Vietnam War significantly influenced the lives of Vietnamese Americans, leading to a large influx of refugees and reshaping their community dynamics, cultural identity, and social status in the United States. The war's aftermath created a complex narrative of loss, resilience, and adaptation as Vietnamese Americans navigated their new reality while preserving their heritage amidst a backdrop of displacement and integration.
Vietnamese Americans: Vietnamese Americans are individuals of Vietnamese descent who have immigrated to or were born in the United States. This group has a rich history that reflects broader patterns of immigration, especially during and after the Vietnam War, and highlights their contributions to American society as well as the challenges they have faced.
Yamato Ichihashi: Yamato Ichihashi was a prominent Japanese American scholar and activist, known for his contributions to Asian American history and education during the early 20th century. He played a crucial role in advocating for the rights of Japanese immigrants and their descendants in the United States, particularly during a time of increasing discrimination and exclusionary policies against Asian populations.