11.2 The doctrine of non-dualism (Advaita)
3 min read•july 31, 2024
's non-dualism teaches that reality is one undivided consciousness called . This philosophy, championed by Adi Shankara, argues that our perception of separate selves and objects is an illusion caused by .
The doctrine of non-dualism asserts that our true self () is identical to Brahman. Through self-inquiry and meditation on teachings like "You are That," practitioners aim to realize this unity and attain liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
Non-Dualism in Advaita Vedanta
Core Principles of Advaita
Top images from around the web for Core Principles of Advaita
Advaita – WIKIYOGA View original
Is this image relevant?
Eastern philosophy - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
The Self in Indian Philosophy: Hindu, Buddhist and Carvaka views View original
Is this image relevant?
Advaita – WIKIYOGA View original
Is this image relevant?
Eastern philosophy - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Top images from around the web for Core Principles of Advaita
Advaita – WIKIYOGA View original
Is this image relevant?
Eastern philosophy - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
The Self in Indian Philosophy: Hindu, Buddhist and Carvaka views View original
Is this image relevant?
Advaita – WIKIYOGA View original
Is this image relevant?
Eastern philosophy - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
- Advaita Vedanta posits ultimate reality as singular, unchanging, infinite consciousness called Brahman
- Maya explains apparent duality and multiplicity in the world as illusion superimposed on non-dual Brahman
- Atman (individual self) identified as identical with Brahman, not separate or different
- "Neti neti" (not this, not this) principle negates all attributes and forms to realize attributeless Brahman
- Direct experience () and self-realization () emphasized as ultimate means of liberation
- Doctrine of three levels of reality () distinguishes absolute (), empirical (), and illusory () existence
- Epistemology recognizes six pramanas (valid means of knowledge) with emphasis on (Vedic testimony) and anubhava (direct experience)
Key Concepts and Practices
- Non-dualism (advaita) asserts fundamental unity of all existence
- Brahman transcends all qualities and descriptions
- Maya creates appearance of multiplicity and separation
- Examples: perception of individual objects, sense of separate self
- Self-inquiry () used to investigate nature of self and reality
- Involves questioning "Who am I?" to penetrate beyond surface identity
- Discrimination between real and unreal () cultivated to discern unchanging Brahman from changing phenomena
- Renunciation () of attachment to worldly objects and experiences
- Meditation on (great sayings) like "" (You are That) to realize Atman-Brahman unity
Implications of Advaita
Perspectives on Reality and Self
- Non-dual perspective challenges conventional notions of individual identity as ultimately illusory
- Phenomenal world, including all objects and experiences, viewed as manifestation of Brahman rather than ultimately real
- Reevaluation of causality necessitated by understanding of Brahman as unchanging and beyond cause-effect
- Underlying unity of all beings emphasized, fostering compassion and non-violence ()
- Sensory experiences and empirical knowledge considered unreliable sources of ultimate truth
- Liberation () understood as realization of true nature already free and one with Brahman
- Not a state to be achieved but an unveiling of existing reality
Impact on Spiritual Practices and Ethics
- Knowledge () and inquiry (vichara) emphasized over ritualistic or devotional approaches
- Self-reflection and contemplation on non-dual nature of reality encouraged
- Examples: meditating on "I am Brahman," investigating source of thoughts
- Ethical behavior grounded in recognition of fundamental unity of all beings
- Treating others as oneself, practicing non-harm (ahimsa)
- Detachment from worldly outcomes cultivated through understanding of their ultimate unreality
- Emphasis on inner transformation rather than external actions or rituals
- Guru-disciple relationship important for transmission of non-dual wisdom
- Traditional texts (, ) studied under guidance of realized teacher
Advaita vs Other Schools
Comparisons with Dualistic and Pluralistic Systems
- Advaita's non-dualism contrasts with dualistic Vedanta maintaining distinction between souls and God
- Differs from Samkhya school positing two eternal principles (Purusha and Prakriti)
- Contrasts with Buddhist schools in affirming unchanging, eternal self (Atman) vs no-self (anatman) doctrine
- Maya concept distinct from Buddhist emptiness (shunyata), though both address nature of phenomenal reality
- Emphasis on knowledge for liberation contrasts with bhakti schools prioritizing devotion to personal deity
- Reduces all reality to single principle of Brahman unlike Nyaya-Vaisheshika accepting multiple categories of existence
- Shares non-dual approach with Kashmir Shaivism but differs in conception of ultimate reality and role of divine power (Shakti)
Distinctive Features of Advaita
- Absolute non-dualism sets Advaita apart from qualified non-dualism () and other Vedantic schools
- Unique interpretation of Upanishadic mahavakyas emphasizing complete identity of Atman and Brahman
- Sophisticated analysis of three states of consciousness (waking, dream, deep sleep) to reveal underlying awareness
- Concept of (liberation while living) distinguishes Advaita from some other liberation theories
- Advaita's approach to scriptural interpretation () reconciles seemingly contradictory Vedic statements
- Developed system of superimposition () and sublation () to explain relationship between Brahman and world
- Emphasis on direct realization through self-inquiry rather than gradual purification or yogic practices
Key Terms to Review (34)
Adhyasa: Adhyasa refers to the superimposition of one thing onto another, particularly the mistaken attribution of qualities or properties from one entity to another. This concept is central to understanding how we perceive the world and forms a key element in the discussion of reality and illusion, particularly in the context of non-dualism and the nature of ultimate reality versus the empirical world.
Adi Shankaracharya: Adi Shankaracharya was an influential Indian philosopher and theologian who lived in the early 8th century CE, best known for consolidating the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic school of thought in Hindu philosophy. His teachings emphasized the oneness of Brahman and Atman, advocating that realization of this unity leads to liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth.
Advaita: Advaita is a philosophical concept in Indian philosophy that emphasizes non-dualism, asserting that the individual self (Atman) is fundamentally identical to the ultimate reality (Brahman). This idea challenges the perception of duality between the self and the universe, advocating for a realization of their inherent unity.
Ahimsa: Ahimsa is the principle of non-violence and respect for all living beings, rooted deeply in Indian philosophy. It emphasizes compassion and non-harm towards others, influencing various philosophical traditions and ethical systems in India.
Anubhava: Anubhava is a Sanskrit term meaning 'experience' or 'direct realization,' especially in the context of understanding the ultimate reality. It plays a crucial role in the doctrine of non-dualism, or Advaita, where it refers to the immediate and experiential knowledge of the unity of the self (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). This direct experience contrasts with mere intellectual understanding, emphasizing that true realization transcends concepts and words.
Atma-jnana: Atma-jnana refers to the knowledge of the self or the realization of one's true nature, particularly in the context of non-dualism (Advaita). This concept emphasizes the understanding that the individual self (atma) is not separate from the ultimate reality (Brahman), leading to liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death. By realizing this oneness, a person can transcend ignorance and experience a profound sense of unity with all existence.
Atma-vichara: Atma-vichara is a practice of self-inquiry in Indian philosophy, specifically aimed at understanding the true nature of the self or 'Atman'. This introspective technique seeks to discern one's real identity by questioning the nature of existence and uncovering the essence that lies beyond the ego and worldly attachments. It plays a vital role in various spiritual paths, emphasizing awareness and the realization of non-dual consciousness.
Atman: Atman refers to the true self or soul in Indian philosophy, considered the essence of individual identity and consciousness. It is central to various philosophical discussions and practices, often understood as the eternal and unchanging aspect of a person that transcends physical existence and connects with the ultimate reality.
Avidya: Avidya refers to ignorance or lack of knowledge, particularly in the spiritual sense, which is seen as the root cause of suffering and the cycle of birth and rebirth. This concept plays a critical role in various philosophical schools, emphasizing how ignorance clouds perception of reality and prevents individuals from realizing their true nature.
Badha: Badha is a Sanskrit term meaning 'superimposition' or 'negation,' often used in Indian philosophy to describe the process through which the illusory nature of reality is revealed. It relates to how one experience can contradict and negate another, especially in understanding the ultimate reality versus the empirical world. In various philosophical debates, badha plays a crucial role in discussing how ignorance (avidya) leads to misperceptions of reality, ultimately influencing concepts such as non-dualism and the nature of illusion.
Bhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of the Indian epic Mahabharata, composed in the form of a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna, who serves as his charioteer. This text addresses the moral and philosophical dilemmas faced by Arjuna on the battlefield and explores essential concepts like duty, righteousness, and the nature of reality, making it a foundational text in Indian philosophy.
Brahman: Brahman is the ultimate reality and cosmic principle in Hindu philosophy, often described as the source of all existence, consciousness, and bliss. This concept connects to various philosophical discussions surrounding the nature of the universe, the self, and the relationship between the individual and the infinite.
Dvaita: Dvaita is a school of Indian philosophy that posits a dualistic understanding of reality, emphasizing the distinction between the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality or God (Brahman). This perspective contrasts sharply with non-dualistic interpretations, asserting that while Brahman is supreme, the individual souls are real and separate from Brahman, creating a significant discussion around the nature of existence, knowledge, and liberation.
Gaudapada: Gaudapada was an influential Indian philosopher known for his foundational work in Advaita Vedanta, particularly through his text 'Mandukya Karika'. He is recognized for articulating the ideas of non-dualism and the relationship between Brahman and Atman, while also introducing concepts related to Maya and the levels of reality. His teachings set the stage for later thinkers like Adi Shankaracharya, establishing a framework for understanding the nature of existence and consciousness.
Jivanmukti: Jivanmukti refers to the state of liberation or enlightenment attained while still living in the physical body, representing the realization of the non-dual nature of reality. This concept emphasizes that an individual can achieve spiritual freedom and union with Brahman while experiencing worldly life, integrating the ideas of Atman and Brahman into everyday existence.
Jnana: Jnana refers to the profound knowledge or wisdom that leads to enlightenment and liberation in Indian philosophy. This concept is central to understanding various philosophical systems, emphasizing the importance of self-realization, the nature of reality, and the ultimate truth about existence.
Mahavakyas: Mahavakyas are key philosophical statements found in the Upanishads that express the essence of non-dualism and the relationship between the individual self (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). These profound sayings serve as a foundational aspect of Advaita Vedanta, particularly in understanding the teachings of prominent philosophers like Adi Shankara, who emphasized their significance in realizing one's true nature and unity with Brahman.
Maya: Maya refers to the concept of illusion or the deceptive nature of the material world in Indian philosophy, particularly within Vedanta. It suggests that the world we perceive is not the ultimate reality but rather a veil that obscures the true nature of existence, leading to misidentification with the physical realm instead of recognizing the underlying spiritual truth.
Moksha: Moksha refers to the liberation or release from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara) in Indian philosophy. It signifies the ultimate goal of human existence, where the individual soul (atman) is united with the absolute reality (Brahman) or attains a state of eternal bliss and knowledge.
Nirguna: Nirguna refers to the concept of the Absolute or Brahman in Indian philosophy that is without attributes, qualities, or form. This idea emphasizes that the ultimate reality transcends all characteristics and limitations, contrasting with the concept of saguna, which denotes the divine with qualities. Nirguna plays a significant role in various philosophical schools and influences how spiritual experiences and realities are perceived.
Paramarthika: Paramarthika refers to the highest or ultimate level of reality in Indian philosophy, often contrasted with lower levels of reality that may be perceived through ordinary experience. This concept emphasizes the distinction between the ultimate truth, which is unchanging and eternal, and the relative truths that exist in the empirical world, subject to change and illusion.
Pratibhasika: Pratibhasika refers to the level of reality in Advaita Vedanta that pertains to the world of appearances and illusions. It represents the subjective and individual experiences that are not ultimately real, but rather a projection of the mind. This concept is significant when discussing the nature of Brahman and Atman, as it helps differentiate between the illusory world and the ultimate non-dual reality.
Samanvaya: Samanvaya refers to the principle of harmony and systematic integration found in Indian philosophy, particularly within the context of non-dualism (Advaita). This concept emphasizes the unity and coherence between the individual self (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman), suggesting that true understanding arises from recognizing their inseparability. It is central to the Advaita framework, where the apparent dualities of existence dissolve in the realization of oneness.
Satchitananda: Satchitananda is a Sanskrit term that translates to 'existence, consciousness, and bliss,' representing the ultimate reality in Advaita Vedanta philosophy. This concept embodies the nature of Brahman, the supreme cosmic spirit, and indicates that true reality transcends the material world, which is often veiled by illusion. Understanding satchitananda is crucial for grasping the core ideas of non-dualism and the layers of reality shaped by maya.
Shabda Pramana: Shabda Pramana refers to the means of knowledge (pramana) derived from verbal testimony, particularly in the context of sacred texts and authoritative teachings. In Indian philosophy, especially within the framework of Advaita Vedanta, it serves as a critical epistemological tool that affirms the validity of knowledge obtained through scriptures, connecting human understanding to ultimate reality.
Tat tvam asi: 'Tat tvam asi' is a Sanskrit phrase meaning 'That thou art,' which expresses the fundamental non-dualistic relationship between the individual self (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman) in Advaita Vedanta. This phrase encapsulates the essence of self-realization, emphasizing that the true nature of the self is identical to the universal consciousness.
Trisvabhava: Trisvabhava refers to the three natures of reality in Yogacara Buddhism: the imagined nature, the dependent nature, and the perfected nature. This concept plays a crucial role in understanding consciousness and its relation to reality, bridging insights from Yogacara's emphasis on perception and awareness with the non-dualistic perspective that underlies Advaita philosophy.
Upanishads: The Upanishads are ancient Indian texts that form the philosophical basis of Hinduism, exploring the nature of reality, the self (Atman), and the ultimate reality (Brahman). They mark a significant shift from ritualistic practices in Vedic literature to a more introspective and philosophical inquiry into the essence of existence.
Vairagya: Vairagya refers to the state of detachment or renunciation from worldly desires and attachments, emphasizing the importance of inner peace and self-realization. This concept is closely tied to various paths of spiritual practice, highlighting how it underpins the three primary yogas and influences ethical values and philosophical thought.
Vedanta: Vedanta is one of the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy, primarily focused on the end portions of the Vedas, particularly the Upanishads, which explore the nature of reality and the self. It emphasizes concepts such as non-dualism, the relationship between the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman), and the attainment of spiritual liberation (Moksha).
Vedic Period: The Vedic Period refers to the era in ancient Indian history (approximately 1500 to 500 BCE) characterized by the composition of the Vedas, which are the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism. This period marks the foundation of various Indian philosophical traditions, rituals, and cultural practices that continue to influence Indian society today.
Vishishtadvaita: Vishishtadvaita, or 'qualified non-dualism,' is a philosophical school within Vedanta that posits a unique understanding of the relationship between the individual soul (jiva) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). This school argues that while the individual souls are distinct from Brahman, they are also inseparably connected to it, suggesting a harmony that respects both individuality and unity. This perspective allows for a dualistic interpretation of existence while still upholding an underlying non-dual reality.
Viveka: Viveka refers to the discerning intellect or wisdom that allows one to distinguish between the real and the unreal, the eternal and the transient. This concept is central to various philosophical and spiritual practices, aiding individuals in recognizing the true nature of existence and achieving spiritual liberation.
Vyavaharika: Vyavaharika refers to the empirical or transactional reality in Indian philosophy, which is experienced through everyday interactions and perceptions. This term highlights the distinction between the relative world we navigate daily and the absolute reality, often discussed in contrast to paramarthika, or ultimate reality. Understanding vyavaharika is crucial for grasping how different philosophical schools interpret the nature of reality and our place within it.