7.5 Airports and aviation
9 min read•august 21, 2024
Washington's aviation history soars from barnstorming pioneers to aerospace giants like . The state's geography and industries fueled demand for air travel, shaping its pivotal role in early U.S. aviation development.
Today, Washington boasts a thriving aviation ecosystem. From major hubs like Sea-Tac to small regional airports, military bases, and a robust aerospace industry, aviation remains a cornerstone of the state's economy and transportation network.
Early aviation in Washington
- Washington State played a pivotal role in the development of early aviation in the United States
- The state's geography and growing industries created a demand for air transportation, shaping its aviation history
- Early aviation advancements in Washington significantly influenced the state's economic and technological growth
Pioneer aviators and barnstormers
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- Daring pilots like Charles Hamilton performed aerial stunts at fairs and exhibitions across Washington
- Barnstormers introduced aviation to rural communities, offering rides and showcasing aerial acrobatics
- Pilot Clyde Pangborn completed the first non-stop transpacific flight from Japan to Washington in 1931
- Women aviators like Dorothy Hester broke gender barriers in Washington's early aviation scene
First airfields and airports
- in Seattle became one of the first dedicated airfields in Washington in 1920
- , established in 1920, served as a crucial early aviation hub
- Tacoma Field, later , opened in 1930 to support military and civilian aviation
- Early airfields often consisted of grass strips and minimal facilities, gradually evolving into more complex airports
Boeing's impact on Washington
- Boeing's establishment in Washington transformed the state into a global aerospace center
- The company's growth paralleled the development of aviation technology and infrastructure in the state
- Boeing's presence attracted skilled workers and supporting industries, shaping Washington's economy
Company founding and growth
- founded Pacific Aero Products Co. in Seattle in 1916, later renamed Boeing Airplane Company
- Boeing's first airplane, the B&W seaplane, was built and tested on Lake Union in Seattle
- The company secured its first military contract in 1917, producing Navy trainers during World War I
- Boeing expanded into commercial aviation with the launch of Boeing Air Transport in 1927
World War II production boom
- Boeing's production skyrocketed during World War II, manufacturing thousands of bombers
- The company employed over 40,000 workers, many of them women, during peak wartime production
- became a major hub for testing and delivering military aircraft
- The war effort led to significant expansion of Boeing's facilities and technological capabilities
Post-war commercial aviation
- Boeing transitioned to commercial jet production with the introduction of the 707 in 1958
- The company's 727, 737, and 747 models revolutionized air travel and dominated the commercial aviation market
- Boeing's success in commercial aviation led to further expansion of its Washington-based operations
- The company's growth spurred the development of a robust aerospace supply chain in the state
Major airports in Washington
- Washington's major airports serve as critical transportation hubs for the Pacific Northwest
- These airports have evolved to meet increasing passenger demand and changing aviation technologies
- The development of major airports has significantly impacted urban planning and economic growth in Washington
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
- Opened in 1944, Sea-Tac has grown to become the largest airport in the Pacific Northwest
- The airport serves as a major hub for Alaska Airlines and an important international gateway
- Sea-Tac's three runways handle over 50 million passengers annually
- Recent expansions include the addition of the International Arrivals Facility and North Satellite modernization
Spokane International Airport
- Established in 1941 as Geiger Field, it became in 1960
- Serves as the primary commercial airport for Eastern Washington and North Idaho
- Handles over 4 million passengers annually with two runways
- Home to the Air National Guard's 141st Air Refueling Wing
Boeing Field vs Paine Field
- Boeing Field (King County International Airport) opened in 1928 and serves as a major cargo and general aviation hub
- Boeing uses Boeing Field for aircraft testing and delivery flights
- in Everett hosts Boeing's wide-body aircraft assembly plant
- Paine Field began commercial passenger service in 2019, offering an alternative to Sea-Tac for north Seattle area travelers
Military aviation in Washington
- Military aviation has played a significant role in Washington's history and economy
- The state's strategic location on the Pacific Coast has made it an important center for military air operations
- Military aviation bases in Washington have contributed to national defense and local communities
McChord Air Force Base
- Established in 1940, now part of Joint Base Lewis-McChord
- Home to the 62nd Airlift Wing, operating C-17 Globemaster III aircraft
- Plays a crucial role in global military transport and humanitarian missions
- Contributes significantly to the local economy of the Tacoma area
Naval Air Station Whidbey Island
- Commissioned in 1942, located on Whidbey Island in the Puget Sound
- Home to the Navy's EA-18G Growler electronic attack squadrons
- Conducts maritime patrol and reconnaissance missions
- Supports anti-submarine warfare and search and rescue operations
Fairchild Air Force Base
- Established near Spokane in 1942, originally as a repair depot
- Currently home to the 92nd Air Refueling Wing, operating KC-135 Stratotankers
- Serves as the primary air refueling unit for the Pacific Northwest
- Hosts the Air Force Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) school
General aviation and smaller airports
- General aviation encompasses a wide range of non-commercial flight activities in Washington
- Smaller airports play a crucial role in connecting rural communities and supporting various industries
- The network of general aviation facilities contributes significantly to the state's transportation infrastructure
Regional airports network
- Washington boasts over 130 public-use airports, serving diverse aviation needs
- Regional airports like in Pasco and support commercial and general aviation
- Many smaller airports serve as vital links for remote communities, such as in the San Juan Islands
- The Washington State Department of Transportation's Aviation Division oversees the management and development of this network
Pilot training facilities
- Flight schools operate at numerous airports across the state, including Boeing Field and Renton Municipal Airport
- Community colleges like in Moses Lake offer aviation programs
- The and provide aerospace engineering and aviation management degrees
- These facilities train future pilots, mechanics, and aviation professionals, supporting the state's aerospace industry
Economic impact of small airports
- General aviation airports contribute over $3.8 billion annually to Washington's economy
- Small airports support agricultural operations, including crop dusting and forest fire management
- They facilitate business travel, tourism, and emergency medical services in rural areas
- Maintenance and operation of these airports create jobs and stimulate local economies
Aviation industry in Washington
- Washington's aviation industry has grown into a diverse ecosystem of manufacturers, suppliers, and service providers
- The state's aerospace sector is a major contributor to its economy and global trade
- Aviation-related businesses in Washington range from large corporations to specialized small enterprises
Aerospace manufacturing cluster
- Washington hosts over 1,400 aerospace-related companies, forming one of the world's largest aerospace clusters
- Major players include Boeing, but also suppliers like Hexcel, Toray Composite Materials, and Electroimpact
- The cluster encompasses various specialties, from airframe manufacturing to avionics and composite materials
- This concentration of expertise fosters innovation and attracts global investment to the state
Aviation-related jobs and careers
- The aviation industry employs over 130,000 workers in Washington across various disciplines
- Career opportunities range from aircraft assembly and maintenance to engineering and
- Washington's community colleges and universities offer specialized programs to support workforce development
- The industry provides high-paying jobs, with aerospace manufacturing wages averaging 1.5 times the state average
Economic contributions to state
- Aerospace exports account for a significant portion of Washington's total exports, often exceeding $40 billion annually
- The industry generates substantial tax revenue, supporting public services and infrastructure development
- Aviation-related tourism, including business travel and conventions, contributes to the state's hospitality sector
- The presence of a strong aviation industry attracts complementary businesses and fosters economic diversification
Air transportation infrastructure
- Washington's air transportation infrastructure forms a critical component of the state's overall transportation network
- Continuous development and modernization of this infrastructure are essential to meet growing demand and technological advancements
- The state faces unique challenges in balancing infrastructure needs with environmental and community concerns
Air traffic control systems
- Washington's airspace is managed by multiple Air Route Traffic Control Centers, including Seattle Center
- The state utilizes advanced radar and satellite-based navigation systems to ensure safe and efficient air traffic flow
- NextGen technology implementation improves communication between aircraft and ground control
- Specialized approach control facilities serve major airports like Sea-Tac and Spokane International
Airport expansion projects
- Sea-Tac's Sustainable Airport Master Plan outlines future growth, including a potential second terminal
- Spokane International Airport's Terminal Renovation and Expansion project aims to accommodate increasing passenger numbers
- Paine Field's recent addition of a passenger terminal exemplifies the adaptation of existing facilities to new roles
- Many regional airports are undergoing runway extensions and facility upgrades to support larger aircraft and increased traffic
Environmental considerations
- Washington airports implement noise reduction strategies, including preferential runway use and flight path modifications
- Sea-Tac's "Fly Quiet" program incentivizes airlines to use quieter aircraft and follow noise abatement procedures
- Efforts to reduce carbon emissions include the use of sustainable aviation fuels and electrification of ground support equipment
- Stormwater management systems at airports help protect local watersheds from runoff contamination
Aviation tourism and recreation
- Aviation-related tourism and recreational activities form a significant part of Washington's tourism industry
- These activities showcase the state's natural beauty and rich aviation history
- Aviation tourism contributes to local economies and promotes interest in aerospace careers
Scenic flight tours
- Operators offer scenic flights over landmarks like Mount Rainier, the San Juan Islands, and the Olympic Peninsula
- Seaplane tours from Lake Union in Seattle provide unique perspectives of the city and surrounding areas
- Helicopter tours offer aerial views of the Columbia River Gorge and Washington's wine country
- Hot air balloon rides in Eastern Washington provide a serene way to experience the state's diverse landscapes
Flying clubs and organizations
- Washington Pilots Association promotes general aviation and advocates for pilots' interests
- Experimental Aircraft Association chapters across the state support homebuilt aircraft enthusiasts
- Women in Aviation International's local chapters encourage women to pursue aviation careers
- The Washington State Department of Transportation's Aviation Division sponsors youth aviation programs
Air shows and aviation museums
- The annual Seafair Boeing Air Show in Seattle features military and civilian aerobatic performances
- The Olympic Air Show in Olympia showcases vintage and modern aircraft
- The Museum of Flight in Seattle houses one of the largest air and space collections in the world
- The Historic Flight Foundation at Paine Field preserves and flies classic aircraft from the 1927-1957 era
Future of aviation in Washington
- Washington's aviation industry is poised for continued growth and innovation in the coming decades
- The state is actively pursuing initiatives to maintain its leadership in aerospace technology and sustainable aviation
- Emerging technologies and new space industry developments present opportunities for further economic expansion
Emerging technologies in aerospace
- Washington companies are at the forefront of developing electric and hybrid-electric aircraft propulsion systems
- Advanced materials research, including nanotechnology applications, is enhancing aircraft performance and efficiency
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being integrated into aircraft design, manufacturing, and operations
- Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) technology is expanding, with applications in agriculture, forestry, and urban planning
Sustainable aviation initiatives
- Washington State University leads research into sustainable aviation fuels derived from forest residues and oilseed crops
- Boeing's ecoDemonstrator program tests new technologies to reduce fuel use, emissions, and noise
- Sea-Tac Airport aims to power every flight with sustainable aviation fuel by 2028
- Electric aircraft startups in Washington are developing short-haul commuter planes for regional travel
Space industry developments
- Blue Origin, based in Kent, is developing reusable launch vehicles and lunar landers
- Spaceflight Industries in Seattle provides small satellite launch and deployment services
- The Washington State Space Coalition promotes the growth of the commercial space sector in the state
- Proposed spaceports in Washington could support suborbital space tourism and small satellite launches
Key Terms to Review (33)
737 Max: The 737 Max is a family of narrow-body, twin-engine jet airliners developed by Boeing, designed for short to medium-haul routes. This aircraft is a part of the Boeing 737 series and features advanced technology, including new engines and aerodynamic improvements aimed at enhancing fuel efficiency. The 737 Max became infamous following two fatal crashes that raised serious concerns regarding its safety and led to a worldwide grounding of the fleet.
Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act, enacted in 1926, was a significant piece of legislation aimed at promoting the growth and safety of civil aviation in the United States. This act laid the foundation for the federal regulation of air travel by establishing standards for pilot certification, aircraft safety, and the operation of commercial aviation, which was crucial in shaping the future of airports and aviation infrastructure.
Air Traffic Control: Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who coordinate the movement of aircraft on the ground and in the airspace. This system ensures the safe and efficient operation of flights by managing takeoffs, landings, and in-flight navigation, thus preventing collisions and maintaining orderly traffic flow. The role of air traffic control is critical in ensuring that both commercial and private aviation operate smoothly within busy airspaces.
AOPA - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association: The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1939 that advocates for the interests of general aviation pilots and aircraft owners. It provides resources, support, and information to enhance safety, education, and access to aviation-related activities. AOPA plays a vital role in promoting the importance of general aviation while influencing policy decisions that affect airports and aviation operations.
Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act: The Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act is legislation designed to improve the safety and operational capacity of the aviation industry in the United States. This act addresses various issues, including modernization of air traffic control systems, enhancing safety protocols, and promoting infrastructure development at airports to handle increasing passenger traffic and cargo needs. It aims to ensure a safe, efficient, and robust aviation system that meets the demands of the growing travel market.
B-17 Flying Fortress: The B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber developed by Boeing and widely used by the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Renowned for its durability and ability to sustain heavy damage while still completing missions, the B-17 played a critical role in strategic bombing campaigns against Germany, helping to establish air superiority and weaken enemy infrastructure.
Bellingham International Airport: Bellingham International Airport (BLI) is an airport located in Bellingham, Washington, primarily serving the city and the surrounding regions. It acts as a key transportation hub for both domestic flights and some international services, offering connections to major cities and playing a vital role in the local economy and tourism.
Big Bend Community College: Big Bend Community College (BBCC) is a public community college located in Moses Lake, Washington, providing a range of educational programs and services to students. It plays a crucial role in promoting higher education access and workforce development in the region, often connecting aviation training with local industries and the community's economic growth.
Boeing: Boeing is an American aerospace company and one of the largest manufacturers of commercial jetliners and defense aircraft in the world. With a rich history dating back to 1916, Boeing has played a pivotal role in the development of aviation technology and the global airline industry, influencing both airports and the technology sector through its innovations and advancements.
Boeing Field: Boeing Field, also known as King County International Airport, is a public airport located in Seattle, Washington, primarily used for general aviation and serves as a hub for Boeing aircraft testing. It plays a crucial role in the aviation industry, particularly in relation to Boeing's manufacturing and testing operations, linking the city to global aerospace activities.
Boeing's founding: Boeing's founding refers to the establishment of The Boeing Company in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington. It marked the beginning of a significant era in aviation history, as Boeing grew to become one of the largest aerospace manufacturers in the world and a key player in the development of commercial and military aircraft.
Central Washington University: Central Washington University (CWU) is a public university located in Ellensburg, Washington, known for its diverse academic programs and commitment to student success. It serves as an educational hub for the region and has a significant impact on local economic and community development, particularly through its connections with transportation and aviation industries.
Dawn of flight: The dawn of flight refers to the early 20th century period when powered flight began, marking the transition from gliders to powered aircraft. This era witnessed groundbreaking innovations and experiments by pioneers in aviation, setting the stage for the development of modern aviation and the establishment of airports as vital infrastructure for air travel.
Dreamliner: The Dreamliner, officially known as the Boeing 787, is a long-haul, wide-body, twin-engine jet that was designed for fuel efficiency and passenger comfort. This aircraft features advanced materials, including composite materials that make it lighter, and state-of-the-art technology, enhancing the flying experience and operational efficiency. Its introduction has significantly impacted aviation by pushing the boundaries of design and performance in commercial air travel.
Fairchild Air Force Base: Fairchild Air Force Base is a major United States Air Force installation located near Spokane, Washington, established in 1942. The base plays a crucial role in national defense and has been integral to various military operations, especially during the Cold War era. It serves as a hub for strategic airlift and refueling missions and has also been home to units of the Washington National Guard, showcasing its importance in both aviation and military readiness.
First commercial flight: The first commercial flight refers to the inaugural passenger-carrying flight for profit, which took place on January 1, 1914. This historic event marked a significant turning point in aviation history, establishing the foundation for the airline industry and transforming the way people travel over long distances.
Friday Harbor Airport: Friday Harbor Airport is a public-use airport located in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, Washington. It serves as a crucial transportation hub for both residents and tourists, providing access to the stunning natural beauty and unique culture of the San Juan Islands. The airport supports general aviation and plays a significant role in the local economy by facilitating travel, tourism, and transportation of goods.
Howard Hughes: Howard Hughes was an influential American business magnate, film director, and aviation pioneer, known for his significant contributions to the aviation industry during the 20th century. His work in aviation included setting records for speed and distance, and he founded several companies that played key roles in the development of commercial aviation and military aircraft. Hughes' impact on airports and aviation is notable, especially in Washington State where his ventures influenced the growth and modernization of air travel.
Introduction of seaplanes: The introduction of seaplanes marked a significant advancement in aviation, allowing aircraft to take off and land on water. This innovation expanded the possibilities for air travel, especially in regions with abundant waterways and limited land-based airports, enhancing connectivity and transportation efficiency.
Kenmore Air: Kenmore Air is a regional airline based in Kenmore, Washington, that provides scheduled and charter flights primarily on scenic routes in the Pacific Northwest. Known for its seaplane services, Kenmore Air plays a vital role in connecting various communities and enhancing tourism in the area through unique flight experiences over stunning landscapes.
McChord Air Force Base: McChord Air Force Base is a key military installation located in Washington State, primarily serving as a hub for air mobility and support operations. It plays a vital role in the strategic defense and logistical capabilities of the U.S. Air Force, facilitating troop transport, cargo airlift, and various aviation missions.
McChord Field: McChord Field is a military airfield located in Washington State, primarily used by the United States Air Force. It serves as an essential hub for air mobility operations and provides support for various military missions, connecting forces to airlift capabilities and logistics. The airfield is integral to the region’s aviation landscape, reflecting the importance of military aviation in the state.
Meadows Field: Meadows Field is a public-use airport located in Bakersfield, California, primarily serving general aviation and providing essential services for both private and corporate aircraft. It plays a significant role in the aviation landscape of the region by supporting air travel, commerce, and transportation, especially for those needing access to more remote areas.
Naval Air Station Whidbey Island: Naval Air Station Whidbey Island is a prominent military air base located in Washington State, primarily serving the United States Navy. It plays a crucial role in supporting naval aviation operations, housing various aircraft, and training naval personnel. The air station is significant for its strategic location and extensive facilities that enable a wide range of aviation activities and support missions.
Paine Field: Paine Field is a public-use airport located in Everett, Washington, primarily serving the greater Seattle metropolitan area. It was originally built as a military airfield during World War II and has since evolved into a commercial airport, providing both passenger and cargo services while also hosting general aviation activities.
Runway safety: Runway safety refers to the practices, protocols, and technologies aimed at preventing accidents and ensuring safe operations on airport runways. This includes measures to avoid runway incursions, which occur when an unauthorized vehicle or person is on the runway, as well as procedures for managing aircraft takeoffs and landings effectively. Proper runway safety is essential for maintaining efficient airport operations and minimizing the risk of collisions.
Sand Point Naval Air Station: Sand Point Naval Air Station was a United States Navy installation located in Seattle, Washington, primarily operational from the 1930s until its closure in the 1990s. It played a significant role in military aviation during World War II and the Cold War, serving as a base for naval aviation training and operations.
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport: Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, commonly referred to as Sea-Tac, is a major public airport located between Seattle and Tacoma, Washington. It serves as a key hub for both domestic and international flights, playing a crucial role in connecting the Pacific Northwest to various destinations around the world.
Spokane International Airport: Spokane International Airport is the primary airport serving Spokane, Washington, and the surrounding region. It acts as a vital transportation hub for both domestic and international flights, connecting travelers to various destinations while supporting local economic growth and tourism.
Tri-Cities Airport: Tri-Cities Airport is a regional airport located in Pasco, Washington, serving the cities of Kennewick, Richland, and Pasco. It plays a significant role in enhancing regional connectivity and facilitating air travel for both passengers and cargo, contributing to the local economy and development of the surrounding areas.
University of Washington: The University of Washington (UW) is a public research university located in Seattle, established in 1861. As one of the oldest universities on the West Coast, it plays a pivotal role in various sectors including education, technology, and cultural industries, making significant contributions to fields such as aviation, technology innovation, and film production.
Washington State Aviation Alliance: The Washington State Aviation Alliance is a collaborative organization that brings together various stakeholders in the aviation sector, including government agencies, industry representatives, and educational institutions. Its primary goal is to promote the growth and development of aviation in Washington State, focusing on enhancing airport infrastructure, workforce development, and economic opportunities within the aviation industry.
William Boeing: William Boeing was an American aviation pioneer who founded the Boeing Company, one of the largest aerospace manufacturers in the world. His innovative spirit and business acumen played a crucial role in shaping the aviation industry, particularly in Washington State, where he established a legacy that combines engineering excellence and commercial aviation growth.