12.4 The rise of populism
8 min read•august 20, 2024
Populism has surged globally, challenging established power structures and appealing to ordinary people's concerns. This political approach often pits "the people" against "the elite," promising simple solutions to complex problems.
Populist movements can be left or right-wing, using charismatic leaders and nationalist rhetoric to mobilize support. They thrive on , political disillusionment, and cultural anxieties, potentially impacting democratic norms and social cohesion.
Definition of populism
- Populism is a political approach that appeals to the general public by emphasizing the interests and concerns of ordinary people
- Populist movements often challenge the established power structures and elite groups in society
- Populism can take various forms across the political spectrum, from left-wing to right-wing ideologies
Key characteristics of populism
Appeal to the common people
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- Populist leaders and movements claim to represent the interests and values of the common people, often portrayed as the "silent majority"
- They present themselves as the voice of the people, fighting against the perceived injustices and neglect by the ruling elite
- Populists often use language and rhetoric that resonates with the everyday concerns and experiences of ordinary citizens
Opposition to the elite establishment
- Populism is characterized by a strong , targeting the political, economic, and cultural elite
- Populist movements accuse the elite of being corrupt, disconnected from the people, and serving their own interests at the expense of the general population
- They portray the elite as a homogeneous group that conspires against the common people and undermines their well-being
Charismatic leadership
- Populist movements are often led by charismatic leaders who possess strong oratory skills and personal appeal
- These leaders present themselves as outsiders who are not part of the traditional political establishment and can relate to the struggles of ordinary people
- Charismatic populist leaders often use emotional and provocative language to mobilize support and create a sense of unity among their followers
Emphasis on nationalism
- Populist movements frequently employ nationalist rhetoric, emphasizing the importance of national identity, sovereignty, and pride
- They often promote an "us vs. them" mentality, distinguishing between the "true" members of the nation and those perceived as outsiders or threats to national interests
- Populist can manifest in various forms, such as economic protectionism, anti-immigration sentiment, or the rejection of international institutions and agreements
Historical context for populism
Economic inequality and globalization
- Populist movements often emerge in the context of growing economic inequality and the perceived negative effects of globalization
- The concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few, coupled with the decline of traditional industries and job insecurity, fuels populist sentiment
- Populists capitalize on the sense of economic disenfranchisement and the belief that the benefits of globalization are not equally distributed
Political disillusionment and corruption
- Populism thrives in environments where there is widespread disillusionment with the political system and a perception of rampant corruption
- When people feel that traditional political parties and institutions are unresponsive to their needs and concerns, they become more receptive to populist alternatives
- Populist movements often present themselves as the solution to the failures and shortcomings of the established political order
Cultural backlash and identity politics
- Populist movements sometimes arise as a backlash against cultural and social changes that are perceived as threatening traditional values and identities
- The rise of progressive social movements, such as those advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, gender equality, or multiculturalism, can trigger a populist response from those who feel their way of life is under attack
- Populists often exploit cultural anxieties and promote a narrative of cultural decline, appealing to those who feel marginalized or left behind by social progress
Early populist movements
Populist Party in the United States
- The , also known as the People's Party, emerged in the late 19th century in the United States
- It was a left-wing agrarian movement that advocated for the interests of farmers and workers against the power of big business and financial institutions
- The Populist Party championed issues such as currency reform, progressive taxation, and the regulation of railroads and banks
Narodniki movement in Russia
- The was a populist movement in Russia during the late 19th century
- It consisted of intellectuals and activists who sought to mobilize the peasantry against the Tsarist regime and the landed aristocracy
- The Narodniks believed in the revolutionary potential of the peasantry and advocated for a form of agrarian socialism based on the traditional Russian peasant commune
20th century populist leaders
Huey Long in the United States
- was a populist politician who served as the Governor of Louisiana and a U.S. Senator in the 1920s and 1930s
- He advocated for redistributive economic policies, such as a "Share Our Wealth" program that proposed to limit individual wealth and provide a guaranteed income for all Americans
- Long's populist appeal and charismatic leadership style garnered him a significant following, but also made him a controversial figure in American politics
Juan Perón in Argentina
- was a populist leader who served as the President of Argentina in the mid-20th century
- He implemented a political movement known as Peronism, which combined elements of nationalism, socialism, and corporatism
- Perón's populist policies included the expansion of labor rights, the nationalization of key industries, and the redistribution of wealth through social welfare programs
- He maintained a strong personal connection with the working class and enjoyed widespread popular support, particularly from the descamisados (shirtless ones)
21st century populist resurgence
Right-wing populism in Europe
- In recent years, right-wing populist parties and movements have gained significant traction in various European countries
- Examples include the National Rally (formerly National Front) in France, the Alternative for Germany (AfD), and the League in Italy
- These populist parties often emphasize nationalism, euroskepticism, and opposition to immigration, portraying themselves as defenders of traditional European values and identities
- They capitalize on fears related to cultural change, economic insecurity, and the perceived loss of national sovereignty within the European Union
Left-wing populism in Latin America
- has witnessed the rise of left-wing populist movements and leaders in the 21st century
- Examples include Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, Evo Morales in Bolivia, and Rafael Correa in Ecuador
- These populist leaders have advocated for socialist policies, such as the nationalization of key industries, redistributive social programs, and increased state intervention in the economy
- They have positioned themselves as champions of the poor and marginalized, challenging the traditional political and economic elites in their respective countries
Populist tactics and strategies
Exploitation of fear and resentment
- Populist movements often exploit existing fears and resentments within society to mobilize support
- They may stoke anxieties related to economic insecurity, cultural change, or the perceived threat of outsiders (immigrants, minorities, or foreign powers)
- By tapping into these emotions, populists create a sense of urgency and a narrative of "us vs. them" that resonates with certain segments of the population
Promises of simple solutions
- Populist leaders often offer simplistic solutions to complex problems, promising quick fixes and easy answers
- They may propose drastic measures such as closing borders, implementing protectionist economic policies, or dismantling established institutions
- These promises appeal to those who are frustrated with the perceived ineffectiveness or complexity of traditional political approaches
Use of social media and fake news
- Populist movements have effectively leveraged social media platforms to spread their message and mobilize supporters
- They often bypass traditional media outlets and communicate directly with their base through social media channels
- Populists may also engage in the dissemination of fake news, conspiracy theories, and disinformation to shape public opinion and discredit their opponents
- The use of social media allows populists to create echo chambers and reinforce their narratives among their followers
Impact of populism on democracy
Challenges to liberal democratic norms
- Populist movements can pose challenges to the norms and principles of liberal democracy
- They may question the legitimacy of democratic institutions, such as the media, the judiciary, or the electoral process, when these institutions are perceived as obstacles to their agenda
- Populists often claim to represent the "true will" of the people, dismissing the need for checks and balances or the protection of minority rights
Erosion of institutional checks and balances
- Populist leaders, once in power, may seek to weaken or dismantle the institutional checks and balances designed to limit executive authority
- They may attempt to undermine the independence of the judiciary, restrict media freedoms, or manipulate the electoral system to consolidate their power
- The erosion of these safeguards can lead to a concentration of power in the hands of the populist leader and a gradual drift towards authoritarianism
Polarization and social division
- Populist movements often thrive on polarization and the exacerbation of social divisions
- They may pit different groups within society against each other, such as the "people" against the "elite," natives against immigrants, or one region against another
- This polarization can lead to a breakdown in social cohesion, a decline in trust in democratic institutions, and an increase in political instability
Debates surrounding populism
Populism as a threat vs a corrective
- There are ongoing debates about whether populism represents a threat to democracy or a necessary corrective to its shortcomings
- Critics argue that populism undermines democratic norms, erodes institutional checks and balances, and can lead to authoritarian tendencies
- Proponents, on the other hand, view populism as a legitimate expression of popular discontent and a means to address the perceived failings of the democratic system
Legitimate grievances vs dangerous demagoguery
- Another debate revolves around the extent to which populist movements represent legitimate grievances or engage in dangerous demagoguery
- Some argue that populists give voice to the genuine concerns and frustrations of marginalized or neglected segments of society
- Others contend that populist leaders exploit these grievances for their own political gain, using inflammatory rhetoric and offering simplistic solutions that can have harmful consequences
Short-term gains vs long-term consequences
- There is also a debate about the short-term gains versus the long-term consequences of populist policies and governance
- Populist measures, such as redistributive economic policies or the rejection of international agreements, may provide short-term benefits to certain groups
- However, critics argue that these policies can have negative long-term effects on economic stability, international cooperation, and democratic institutions
- The sustainability and effectiveness of populist approaches in addressing complex societal issues are subject to ongoing discussion and analysis
Key Terms to Review (21)
2014 European Parliament Elections: The 2014 European Parliament Elections were held from May 22 to May 25, where citizens of the European Union voted for Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) to represent them. This election was significant as it marked a rise in populist parties across Europe, reflecting growing discontent with traditional political parties and the EU's policies.
2016 U.S. Presidential Election: The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election was a significant political event in which Donald Trump, the Republican candidate, defeated Hillary Clinton, the Democratic candidate, in a highly contentious race. This election highlighted the rise of populism in American politics, as Trump's campaign focused on anti-establishment rhetoric, economic nationalism, and promises to restore American jobs and power. The election revealed deep divisions within the electorate and raised questions about the future of both major political parties in the United States.
Anti-establishment sentiment: Anti-establishment sentiment refers to a feeling of opposition or hostility towards the established institutions, authorities, and elites within a society. This sentiment often arises from perceptions of corruption, inequality, and disconnection between the ruling class and the general population, leading to calls for change and reform, particularly within political systems. It is a key driver behind populism, where ordinary people seek to challenge or disrupt the status quo.
Brexit: Brexit refers to the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, which was officially enacted on January 31, 2020. This monumental event marked a significant shift in the political and economic landscape of Europe, as it ended the UK's membership in a political and economic union that aimed to foster cooperation among European nations. The implications of Brexit resonate across various sectors, influencing trade, immigration, and political relations both within the UK and with EU member states.
Cross of Gold Speech: The Cross of Gold Speech was a famous address delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in 1896, advocating for the free coinage of silver to combat economic inequality and support farmers. This speech became a pivotal moment in the rise of populism, symbolizing the struggle between the interests of agrarian Americans and the industrial elite, highlighting the growing discontent with monetary policies favoring gold over silver.
Democratic backsliding: Democratic backsliding refers to the gradual decline of democratic norms and practices, where established democratic institutions are weakened or undermined. This process often involves the erosion of civil liberties, suppression of political opposition, and the concentration of power in the hands of a few, leading to a shift away from democratic governance towards authoritarianism.
Donald Trump: Donald Trump is an American businessman and politician who served as the 45th President of the United States from 2017 to 2021. He is a prominent figure in the rise of populism, which emphasizes the interests and concerns of ordinary people, often in opposition to the elite. Trump's political style, characterized by his direct communication, controversial statements, and outsider status, has played a significant role in reshaping the political landscape in the United States.
Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe refers to the region of the European continent that lies to the east of Germany and Austria, typically including countries like Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Baltic states, and parts of the Balkans and Russia. This area has been significantly shaped by its history of political upheaval, economic transition, and cultural diversity, making it a focal point in discussions of post-World War II geopolitics and the rise of populism in the modern era.
Economic inequality: Economic inequality refers to the unequal distribution of wealth and income among individuals or groups within a society. This disparity can lead to significant differences in access to resources, opportunities, and social mobility, which in turn fuels tensions between various socioeconomic classes. Understanding economic inequality is crucial for analyzing social movements and political changes, particularly as it often serves as a catalyst for populist movements that seek to address these imbalances.
Huey Long: Huey Long was an influential American politician who served as the Governor of Louisiana and later as a U.S. Senator during the 1930s. He was a prominent figure in the rise of populism, advocating for radical reforms aimed at redistributing wealth and providing social welfare programs to combat poverty during the Great Depression.
Identity politics: Identity politics refers to political positions and movements that are based on the interests and perspectives of social groups with which individuals identify, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion. This concept emphasizes the importance of recognizing and advocating for the specific needs and rights of marginalized or underrepresented communities, often leading to a greater sense of agency and empowerment among those groups.
Juan Perón: Juan Perón was an Argentine military officer and politician who served as the President of Argentina three times between 1946 and 1974. He became a significant figure in the rise of populism in Latin America, known for his charismatic leadership and policies that aimed to empower the working class and promote social justice.
Latin America: Latin America refers to a region in the Americas where Romance languages, primarily Spanish and Portuguese, are spoken. This area encompasses countries in South America, Central America, and parts of North America, shaped by a complex history of indigenous cultures, European colonization, and diverse social movements. The region is crucial for understanding various political ideologies, including populism, as well as its role in the global context of emerging nations.
Narodniki Movement: The Narodniki Movement was a political and social movement in Russia during the late 19th century that aimed to promote agrarian socialism and mobilize the peasantry for revolutionary change. The movement sought to create a society based on communal agricultural practices and believed that the rural population held the key to overthrowing the autocratic regime. It was characterized by its idealization of the peasantry and a belief that social change could emerge from the grassroots level.
Nationalism: Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often prioritizing national identity over other group identities. It fosters a sense of unity among people who share a common language, culture, history, or ethnicity, which can drive movements for independence, unification, or even expansion.
Political corruption: Political corruption refers to the abuse of power by government officials for illegitimate private gain. This can involve bribery, favoritism, or the manipulation of policies to benefit personal interests rather than the public good. Corruption undermines democratic institutions and can lead to a loss of public trust, fueling discontent and movements that seek reform or change in governance.
Populist Party: The Populist Party, also known as the People's Party, was a political movement in the United States that emerged in the late 19th century, primarily advocating for the rights and power of the common people against the elite. This party sought to address the economic struggles of farmers and laborers, calling for reforms such as the regulation of railroads, the introduction of a graduated income tax, and the direct election of senators. The rise of this party represented a significant shift in American politics as it highlighted the growing discontent with industrialization and economic inequality.
Tea Party Movement: The Tea Party Movement is a political movement that emerged in the United States around 2009, primarily characterized by its advocacy for reduced government spending, lower taxes, and a strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. It gained momentum during the presidency of Barack Obama, driven by a widespread discontent with federal government policies and perceived overreach, and it significantly influenced American politics and the rise of populism in the 21st century.
The People’s Party Platform: The People’s Party Platform was a political document that outlined the principles and goals of the Populist movement in the United States during the late 19th century. It addressed issues like economic inequality, the plight of farmers, and the need for reforms in the political system, reflecting a growing discontent among agrarian communities and working-class citizens who felt marginalized by the established political order.
The silent majority: The silent majority refers to a significant group of people in society who do not publicly express their opinions, particularly during times of social upheaval or political change. This term gained prominence in the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in the context of American politics, as it represented individuals who supported traditional values but felt marginalized by the vocal minority advocating for social reform and protest movements. The silent majority often serves as a counterbalance to more active groups, reflecting a broader spectrum of public sentiment.
William Jennings Bryan: William Jennings Bryan was an influential American politician and orator known for his role as a leading figure in the populist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He famously championed the cause of the common people against the economic elite, advocating for issues such as free silver, anti-imperialism, and progressive reforms. Bryan's most notable moment came during his 'Cross of Gold' speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, which solidified his status as a prominent advocate for populist policies.