1.2 Appalachian Plateau
8 min read•august 20, 2024
The is a vast elevated region spanning several eastern U.S. states. It forms the western portion of the Appalachian Mountains and significantly shapes the physical, ecological, and cultural landscape of Appalachia.
This area is characterized by its elevated, flat surface dissected by deep valleys and gorges. The plateau's unique geology, diverse ecosystems, and rich human history have played a crucial role in shaping Appalachian culture and economy over time.
Appalachian Plateau overview
- Extensive elevated region spanning several states in the eastern United States
- Forms the western portion of the Appalachian Mountains
- Plays a significant role in shaping the physical, ecological, and cultural landscape of Appalachia
Location in Appalachian region
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- Extends from New York to Alabama, encompassing parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia
- Bordered by the Allegheny Mountains to the east and the Interior Low Plateau to the west
- Comprises a substantial portion of the Appalachian region
Geological formation and age
- Formed during the Alleghanian orogeny, a mountain-building event that occurred approximately 325 to 260 million years ago
- Resulted from the collision of the North American and African tectonic plates
- Composed primarily of sedimentary rocks, including sandstone, shale, and limestone
- Underwent extensive erosion and dissection over millions of years, creating the plateau's distinctive
Physical characteristics
- Characterized by its elevated, relatively flat surface dissected by deep valleys and gorges
- Average ranges from 1,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level
- Exhibits a complex network of ridges, valleys, and plateaus
Elevation and topography
- Highest elevations found in the northern and central regions, reaching up to 4,861 feet at Spruce Knob, West Virginia
- Elevation gradually decreases towards the south and west
- Topography varies from gently rolling hills to steep, rugged terrain
- Dissected by numerous streams and rivers, creating a dendritic drainage pattern
Unique landforms and features
- New River Gorge (West Virginia): Deepest and longest gorge in the Appalachian Mountains
- Cumberland Plateau (Tennessee and Kentucky): Extensive tableland with deep canyons and waterfalls
- Allegheny Front (Pennsylvania): Prominent escarpment marking the eastern edge of the plateau
- Natural bridges (Kentucky and Virginia): Formed by the erosion of limestone bedrock
Rivers and watersheds
- Major rivers include the Ohio, Monongahela, Allegheny, Kanawha, and Tennessee
- Tributaries and smaller streams create a complex network of watersheds
- Rivers have played a crucial role in the region's ecology, transportation, and economic development
- Watersheds support diverse aquatic ecosystems and provide water resources for human use
Ecology and environment
- Appalachian Plateau is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna
- Ecosystems are shaped by the region's varied topography, geology, and climate
- Supports a mosaic of forest types, grasslands, and wetlands
Forest types and vegetation
- Mixed mesophytic forests dominate the region, characterized by a diverse array of tree species
- Common trees include oaks, maples, hickories, beeches, and tulip poplars
- Higher elevations support Appalachian oak forests and spruce-fir forests
- Understory vegetation includes a variety of shrubs, herbs, and wildflowers (trilliums, jack-in-the-pulpit, and lady slippers)
Wildlife and biodiversity
- Mammals: black bears, white-tailed deer, bobcats, foxes, and bats
- Birds: ruffed grouse, wild turkey, warblers, and birds of prey (hawks and eagles)
- Reptiles and amphibians: salamanders, frogs, turtles, and snakes
- Aquatic species: diverse fish communities, mussels, and crayfish
- Numerous rare and endemic species, including the Cheat Mountain salamander and the Virginia big-eared bat
Climate and weather patterns
- Humid continental climate with four distinct seasons
- Cold winters with significant snowfall, especially at higher elevations
- Warm to hot summers with frequent thunderstorms and occasional severe weather
- Average annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 60 inches, distributed evenly throughout the year
- Orographic effects influence local climate, with higher elevations experiencing cooler temperatures and increased precipitation
Human history and settlement
- Appalachian Plateau has a long and complex history of human habitation and settlement
- Native American presence dates back thousands of years, followed by European exploration and colonization
- Settlement patterns and land use have been shaped by the region's physical geography and natural resources
Native American presence
- Various indigenous groups inhabited the region, including the Cherokee, Shawnee, and Iroquois
- Utilized the landscape for hunting, gathering, and agriculture
- Developed complex societies and trade networks
- Left a lasting legacy in the form of place names, trails, and archaeological sites
Early European exploration
- European explorers and traders began visiting the region in the 17th and 18th centuries
- French and British interests competed for control of the area
- Exploration was driven by the search for natural resources and trade routes
- Early maps and accounts provide valuable insights into the region's geography and indigenous populations
Pioneer settlements and challenges
- European-American settlement intensified in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
- Settlers were attracted by the availability of land, timber, and other resources
- Faced challenges such as rugged terrain, harsh weather, and conflicts with Native Americans
- Established small farms, communities, and trading posts
- Development of transportation networks, including roads and rivers, facilitated further settlement and economic growth
Economic development
- Appalachian Plateau's natural resources have been a key driver of economic development
- Extractive industries, agriculture, and tourism have played significant roles in the region's economy
- Economic activities have had both positive and negative impacts on communities and the environment
Extractive industries: coal, oil, gas
- Coal mining has been a major industry in the region since the 19th century
- Appalachian coal fields are among the largest in the United States
- Oil and natural gas extraction has also been significant, particularly in the northern and central regions
- Extractive industries have provided employment and economic benefits but have also led to environmental degradation and social challenges
Agriculture and farming
- Agriculture has been a mainstay of the region's economy, particularly in the valleys and lowlands
- Major crops include tobacco, corn, soybeans, and hay
- Livestock production, including cattle, poultry, and sheep, is also significant
- Family farms have been an important part of the region's cultural heritage
- Challenges include topography, soil quality, and changing economic conditions
Tourism and recreation
- Appalachian Plateau's natural beauty and cultural heritage attract visitors from around the world
- Outdoor recreation opportunities include hiking, camping, fishing, and whitewater rafting
- National and state parks (New River Gorge National Park, Cuyahoga Valley National Park) are popular destinations
- Cultural tourism focuses on the region's music, crafts, and historical sites
- Tourism provides economic benefits but can also lead to environmental and social impacts
Cultural significance
- Appalachian Plateau has played a significant role in shaping the cultural identity of Appalachia
- Region's history, landscapes, and people have been celebrated in art, literature, and music
- Iconic landmarks and destinations have become symbols of Appalachian heritage
Influence on Appalachian culture
- Physical geography has influenced settlement patterns, economic activities, and social structures
- Isolation and self-sufficiency have been key themes in Appalachian culture
- Sense of place and attachment to the land are deeply ingrained in the region's cultural identity
- Traditional music, crafts, and foodways have been shaped by the region's history and environment
Representation in art and literature
- Appalachian Plateau has inspired numerous writers, artists, and musicians
- Literary works (Harriette Simpson Arnow, Denise Giardina) have explored the region's history, people, and landscapes
- Visual artists (Frank Baisden, Ronnie Criss) have captured the beauty and challenges of Appalachian life
- Traditional music (bluegrass, old-time) has deep roots in the region and continues to thrive
Iconic landmarks and destinations
- New River Gorge Bridge (West Virginia): Longest steel span bridge in the western hemisphere
- Blackwater Falls (West Virginia): 57-foot waterfall and scenic overlook
- Cumberland Gap (Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia): Historic passageway through the Appalachian Mountains
- Seneca Rocks (West Virginia): Distinctive rock formation and popular climbing destination
- Appalachian Trail (multiple states): Iconic long-distance hiking trail that traverses the Appalachian Plateau
Environmental challenges
- Appalachian Plateau faces numerous environmental challenges related to resource extraction, land use, and climate change
- Impacts on natural ecosystems, water resources, and air quality have been significant
- Conservation efforts and policies aim to address these challenges and promote sustainable development
Resource extraction impacts
- Coal mining has led to land disturbance, acid mine drainage, and
- Mountaintop removal mining has caused extensive damage to landscapes and ecosystems
- Oil and gas extraction has contributed to habitat fragmentation and groundwater contamination
- Legacy of resource extraction includes abandoned mines, brownfields, and environmental health concerns
Habitat loss and fragmentation
- Development, agriculture, and resource extraction have led to the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats
- Forest fragmentation has negative impacts on and function
- Fragmentation can isolate populations, disrupt migration patterns, and increase edge effects
- Invasive species can exploit disturbed habitats and outcompete native species
Conservation efforts and policies
- Federal and state agencies (U.S. Forest Service, state departments of natural resources) manage public lands for conservation and recreation
- Non-governmental organizations (The Nature Conservancy, Appalachian Trail Conservancy) work to protect and restore natural areas
- Conservation easements and land trusts help to preserve private lands
- Policies and regulations aim to mitigate the impacts of resource extraction and promote sustainable practices
- Restoration efforts focus on reforestation, stream restoration, and abandoned mine reclamation
Current state and future
- Appalachian Plateau is undergoing significant changes in population, economy, and environment
- Region faces challenges related to demographic shifts, economic transitions, and sustainable development
- Future of the region will depend on the ability to balance economic, social, and environmental priorities
Population and demographics
- Population trends vary across the region, with some areas experiencing growth and others facing decline
- Aging population and outmigration of younger generations are concerns in many communities
- Changing demographics have implications for social services, healthcare, and economic development
- Diversity is increasing in some areas, particularly in urban centers and college towns
Economic transitions and diversification
- Traditional industries, such as coal mining and manufacturing, have declined in many areas
- Region is working to diversify its economy and attract new industries
- Renewable energy, tourism, and technology are seen as potential growth sectors
- Workforce development and education are key priorities for economic transition
- Challenges include infrastructure, access to capital, and competition with other regions
Sustainable development initiatives
- Sustainable development aims to balance economic, social, and environmental goals
- Initiatives focus on promoting local food systems, sustainable forestry, and eco-tourism
- Green infrastructure and sustainable design principles are being incorporated into new development projects
- Community-based organizations and partnerships are working to build resilient and sustainable communities
- Challenges include funding, political will, and the need for regional collaboration and coordination
Key Terms to Review (18)
Appalachian Elegy: An Appalachian Elegy is a poignant expression of mourning and reflection, often related to the cultural and environmental changes faced by the Appalachian region. This term encapsulates both the loss of traditional ways of life and the beauty of the landscape, highlighting the deep emotional ties of communities to their land and heritage.
Appalachian Plateau: The Appalachian Plateau is a physiographic region characterized by a flat to gently rolling terrain, primarily made up of sedimentary rock layers, located in the eastern United States. This plateau is part of the larger Appalachian Mountains, which stretch from Canada down to Alabama, and it plays a crucial role in the region's ecology, natural resources, and water systems.
Appalachian Regional Commission: The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a U.S. federal-state partnership established in 1965 to address the economic and social challenges faced by the Appalachian region. It focuses on improving the quality of life for residents through economic development, education, infrastructure improvements, and cultural preservation, recognizing the unique needs and characteristics of the Appalachian Plateau and its people.
Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including the different species, genetic variations, and ecosystems. It plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting ecosystem services, and providing resources such as food, medicine, and timber. High levels of biodiversity often indicate healthy ecosystems, which are essential for sustaining life and providing resilience against environmental changes.
Coal mining boom: The coal mining boom refers to a period of rapid growth and expansion in the coal industry, primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, driven by increasing demand for coal as a primary energy source. This boom led to significant economic development in the Appalachian region, particularly the Appalachian Plateau, where vast deposits of coal were discovered and exploited. The surge in coal production not only transformed the local economies but also shaped social structures, labor movements, and environmental changes in the area.
Community Resilience: Community resilience refers to the ability of a community to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adverse events, such as natural disasters, economic challenges, or social upheaval. It encompasses the social, economic, and environmental capacities that enable communities to respond effectively to disturbances while maintaining or improving their quality of life. This concept is essential in understanding how regions can leverage local strengths and resources to foster sustainable growth and development.
Deforestation: Deforestation refers to the large-scale removal of forest cover, which can lead to significant ecological and environmental impacts. In the context of specific mountain regions, it affects biodiversity, alters water cycles, and contributes to soil erosion. Deforestation has historical roots in land use changes, driven by industrial growth, agriculture expansion, and urban development, particularly in areas rich in timber resources.
Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a dynamic system that includes all living organisms, their interactions, and the physical environment in which they reside. It encompasses both biotic components, such as plants and animals, and abiotic factors like soil, water, and climate. Understanding ecosystems helps to illustrate the complex relationships between species and their environments, highlighting the balance necessary for sustaining life.
Elevation: Elevation refers to the height above a given level, typically sea level, and is a crucial factor in understanding geographic features. It influences climate, vegetation, and human activity in a region. In the context of specific landforms, like plateaus or mountains, elevation can dictate the type of ecosystems present and affect water drainage patterns, impacting both natural and human environments.
Great Depression Impact: The Great Depression Impact refers to the widespread economic and social consequences of the Great Depression, a severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 until the late 1930s. In the Appalachian Plateau, this period was marked by intensified poverty, significant unemployment, and a decline in coal mining and other industries that were vital to the region's economy, leading to lasting changes in both the social fabric and the economy of the area.
Hillbilly culture: Hillbilly culture refers to the traditional lifestyle, values, and customs of people from rural Appalachia, often characterized by self-reliance, strong family ties, and a deep connection to the land. This culture has been shaped by historical factors like migration patterns and socio-economic conditions, which have influenced its distinctive music, art, food, and social practices. Hillbilly culture encompasses both pride in heritage and the challenges of stereotypes that often portray it negatively.
John C. Campbell: John C. Campbell was an influential figure in Appalachian history, known for his work as an educator, social reformer, and advocate for the region's cultural and economic development. His efforts aimed to improve the lives of Appalachian residents by promoting education, addressing poverty, and preserving the unique culture of the mountains.
Logging industry: The logging industry involves the cutting down of trees for timber and other wood products, playing a significant role in the economic development of regions with abundant forests. This industry has greatly impacted environmental, economic, and social dynamics in various areas, particularly in mountainous regions known for their rich forest resources. The logging industry has influenced settlement patterns, infrastructure development, and local economies, especially in regions characterized by their unique geological features.
Mountain Music: Mountain music refers to the traditional folk music that originated in the Appalachian region, characterized by its distinct blend of various cultural influences, including British, African, and Native American traditions. This genre is deeply rooted in the history and lifestyle of the people living in the mountains, often reflecting themes of daily life, struggles, and celebrations. It plays a crucial role in shaping cultural identity in the region and connects to various aspects such as geographical features, historical subsistence practices, and evolving musical styles.
Rural poverty: Rural poverty refers to the condition of individuals and families living in rural areas who experience economic hardship and lack access to essential resources. This phenomenon is often characterized by low income, limited job opportunities, inadequate education, and poor healthcare services, affecting overall quality of life in these communities. In Appalachia, rural poverty is particularly pronounced due to historical economic challenges, reliance on traditional industries, and geographic isolation.
Subsistence farming: Subsistence farming is a type of agricultural practice where farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption, rather than for sale or trade. This method often reflects the local environment and the community’s needs, shaping social structures, cultural practices, and economic systems. In regions like the Appalachian area, this form of farming has deep historical roots, influencing settlement patterns, community values, and traditional food practices.
Topography: Topography refers to the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area, including its landscape, elevations, and formations. It plays a crucial role in shaping the ecological and geological characteristics of a region, influencing factors like climate, vegetation, and human settlement patterns. Understanding topography helps to reveal the complexities of an area's landforms, such as plateaus and ridges.
Water Pollution: Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and streams, due to harmful substances or pollutants. This can occur from various sources, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and sewage disposal, leading to detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health. In the context of specific regions, the unique geographical and industrial characteristics can significantly influence the types and levels of water pollution experienced.