10.1 The development of American Realism in the mid-20th century
6 min read•july 30, 2024
emerged in mid-20th century theater as a reaction to earlier dramatic styles. It focused on everyday life, depicting ordinary people in realistic settings with natural dialogue. Playwrights like Miller and Williams explored and the American Dream.
This movement was influenced by socio-economic factors, political shifts, and psychological theories. It contrasted with European avant-garde and absurdist theater, instead aiming to create emotional connections with audiences through relatable characters and situations.
American Realism: Key Characteristics
Depicting Ordinary Life
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- Emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against the heightened emotionalism and escapism of previous theatrical movements
- Sought to depict the "slice of life" of ordinary people and everyday situations, often focusing on middle or lower-class characters (salesmen, factory workers, housewives)
- Settings were often mundane, domestic spaces that reflected the living conditions of the characters (tenement apartments, suburban homes)
Realistic Dialogue and Themes
- Dialogue aimed to reproduce the natural speech patterns and colloquialisms of real people
- Used vernacular language, regional accents, and idiomatic expressions
- Avoided poetic or stylized language in favor of more naturalistic speech
- Themes frequently revolved around social issues, family dynamics, and the struggles of the working class in pursuit of the American Dream
- Explored topics such as economic inequality, racial discrimination, and gender roles
- Examined the psychological and emotional toll of societal pressures on individuals and families
Dramatic Structure and Notable Playwrights
- The "well-made play" structure was often employed, featuring a clear exposition, rising action, climax, and resolution
- Plays typically adhered to the unities of time, place, and action
- Emphasized cause-and-effect relationships and logical plot developments
- Playwrights associated with American Realism include (), (), (Long Day's Journey into Night), and ()
Influences on American Realism
Socio-Economic Factors
- The of the 1930s and its aftermath had a profound impact on American society, leading to a greater focus on social and economic issues in the arts
- Widespread poverty, unemployment, and income inequality became central themes in realistic plays
- The struggles of the working class and the erosion of the American Dream were frequently depicted
- The rise of the middle class, suburbanization, and the nuclear family in the post-World War II period provided new subject matter for realistic plays
- Plays explored the conformity, consumerism, and social expectations of suburban life (The Crucible, All My Sons)
Political and Cultural Movements
- The Civil Rights Movement and other social justice initiatives of the 1950s and 1960s drew attention to issues of racial inequality, gender roles, and political activism
- Plays like A Raisin in the Sun and Dutchman addressed the experiences of African Americans and racial tensions in American society
- The feminist movement and changing gender roles were reflected in plays that featured strong female characters and challenged traditional notions of femininity (The Children's Hour, The Little Foxes)
- The Cold War and the threat of nuclear annihilation created a sense of anxiety and uncertainty that permeated American culture
- Plays like The Crucible and The Twilight Zone used allegory and science fiction to comment on the political paranoia and conformity of the era
Psychological and Artistic Influences
- The influence of Freudian psychology and the growing field of psychoanalysis led to a deeper exploration of the inner lives and motivations of characters
- Plays delved into the subconscious desires, fears, and traumas that shaped characters' actions and relationships (A Streetcar Named Desire, Long Day's Journey into Night)
- The concept of the "tragic hero" was reinterpreted through a psychological lens, with characters' flaws and weaknesses rooted in their past experiences and emotional wounds
- The rise of method acting, as popularized by , emphasized and the "truth" of a character's experience
- Actors like Marlon Brando, James Dean, and Geraldine Page brought a new level of and intensity to their performances
- The method approach influenced playwriting as well, with characters' inner lives and motivations becoming more central to the dramatic action
American Realism vs Other Movements
Contrasts with European Avant-Garde
- In contrast to the symbolism and experimentation of the European avant-garde, American Realism focused on creating a believable, recognizable world on stage
- European movements like Surrealism and Expressionism used abstract, non-realistic elements to convey psychological or emotional states
- American Realism aimed for a more literal representation of reality, with settings, characters, and dialogue that mirrored everyday life
Divergence from Theatre of the Absurd
- While the explored the meaninglessness and irrationality of human existence, American Realism sought to find meaning and truth in the everyday struggles of ordinary people
- Absurdist plays like Waiting for Godot and The Bald Soprano rejected traditional plot structures and character development in favor of circular, repetitive action and nonsensical dialogue
- American Realism adhered to more conventional narrative forms and aimed to create empathy and understanding for its characters' plights
Relationship to Epic Theatre
- Epic Theatre, as developed by Bertolt Brecht, used alienation techniques to encourage critical thinking and social change, while American Realism aimed for emotional engagement and identification with the characters
- Brechtian plays like Mother Courage and Her Children and The Caucasian Chalk Circle employed devices like direct address, placards, and songs to disrupt the audience's immersion in the story and provoke intellectual reflection
- American Realism sought to draw the audience into the world of the play and create a sense of emotional connection with the characters' experiences
Blurring of Boundaries
- The poetic realism of Tennessee Williams and the expressionistic elements in the works of Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller sometimes blurred the lines between strict realism and other theatrical styles
- Plays like The Glass Menagerie and Death of a Salesman incorporated dream sequences, memory scenes, and symbolic imagery that departed from pure realism
- These playwrights used non-realistic techniques to access the inner lives of their characters and convey deeper truths about the human condition
Impact of American Realism
Dominance in Mid-20th Century Theatre
- American Realism became the dominant theatrical style in the United States for much of the mid-20th century, influencing playwriting, acting, and production practices
- Realistic plays were the mainstay of Broadway and regional theatres across the country
- The style's popularity was fueled by its accessibility, emotional resonance, and engagement with contemporary social issues
Canonical Works and Continued Relevance
- Plays such as Death of a Salesman, A Streetcar Named Desire, and A Raisin in the Sun became canonical works in the American theatre repertoire and are still widely produced today
- These plays are considered masterpieces of the form, celebrated for their powerful characterizations, poetic language, and timeless themes
- The enduring relevance of these works speaks to their ability to capture the essence of the American experience and the universal struggles of the human condition
Establishment of Theatre as Cultural Commentary
- The emphasis on social issues and the exploration of the American experience in realistic plays helped to establish theatre as a serious art form and a vehicle for cultural commentary
- Realistic plays tackled subjects like racism, economic inequality, and political corruption, sparking public discourse and debate
- Theatre became a forum for examining the complexities and contradictions of American society, challenging audiences to confront difficult truths and imagine possibilities for change
Growth of American Theatre Industry
- The success of American Realism on Broadway and in regional theatres across the country contributed to the growth and professionalization of the American theatre industry
- The demand for realistic plays led to an increase in the number of professional theatre companies and the development of a more robust infrastructure for play production and distribution
- The style's popularity also helped to establish playwriting as a viable career path and supported the emergence of a new generation of American dramatists
Lasting Influence on Contemporary Theatre
- Many of the themes and techniques of American Realism continue to influence contemporary playwrights and productions, even as the theatre has embraced a wider range of styles and voices
- Realistic plays remain a staple of the American theatre, with new works exploring the complexities of 21st-century life and the evolving nature of the American Dream
- The legacy of American Realism can be seen in the ongoing commitment of many theatre artists to create work that engages with the social and political realities of American life, from issues of identity and representation to the challenges of globalization and technological change
Key Terms to Review (21)
A Raisin in the Sun: A Raisin in the Sun is a groundbreaking play written by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959, focusing on an African American family's struggles with poverty, dreams, and identity in Chicago's South Side. The play captures the essence of American Realism by highlighting the social issues faced by marginalized communities and exploring the impact of systemic racism and economic hardship on family dynamics and aspirations.
A Streetcar Named Desire: A Streetcar Named Desire is a landmark play written by Tennessee Williams that debuted in 1947, exploring themes of desire, mental health, and the clash between reality and illusion. The play centers around the character of Blanche DuBois, whose arrival at her sister Stella's home in New Orleans sets off a chain of events revealing deeper social and psychological tensions. Williams' unique blend of poetic realism and Southern Gothic elements reflects the complexities of human experience in mid-20th century America.
American Realism: American Realism is a theatrical movement that emerged in the late 19th century and sought to depict everyday life and ordinary people with authenticity and accuracy. It emphasized a more truthful representation of human experiences, focusing on social issues and psychological depth, often in contrast to the romanticized ideals of previous dramatic forms. This approach laid the groundwork for the exploration of complex characters and societal themes, especially during the mid-20th century.
Arthur Miller: Arthur Miller was a prominent American playwright known for his impactful works that explored themes of morality, social responsibility, and the American Dream. His writing often reflected the struggles of individuals against societal pressures, making him a key figure in American theatre and its evolution during the mid-20th century.
Character-driven narrative: A character-driven narrative focuses on the development and experiences of characters as the primary engine of the story, rather than relying heavily on plot or external events. This type of storytelling allows for deeper exploration of a character's emotions, motivations, and relationships, often creating a more intimate connection between the audience and the characters. In the context of American Realism, such narratives showcase authentic human experiences and reflect social realities through well-rounded, relatable characters.
Costume authenticity: Costume authenticity refers to the accuracy and faithfulness of costumes to the historical, cultural, and social context in which a theatrical production is set. It involves meticulous attention to detail, ensuring that clothing reflects the time period, geographical location, and character backgrounds, enhancing the believability of the performance. Authentic costumes can significantly impact audience perception and emotional connection to the story being told.
Death of a Salesman: Death of a Salesman is a play written by Arthur Miller that premiered in 1949, telling the story of Willy Loman, a struggling salesman who grapples with the American Dream and his own failures. The play reflects the ideals of American Realism in the mid-20th century by portraying the everyday struggles of common people, as well as addressing themes of identity, success, and disillusionment. It serves as a critique of the American Dream, exploring how societal expectations can lead to personal tragedy.
Emotional authenticity: Emotional authenticity refers to the genuine expression of feelings and emotions by characters, creating a sense of realism and relatability in performance. This concept emphasizes the importance of truthful emotional experiences in acting, where performers connect deeply with their characters' feelings, allowing audiences to resonate with the portrayed emotions. It plays a vital role in modern drama as it seeks to reflect real human experiences.
Eugene O'Neill: Eugene O'Neill was a prominent American playwright, widely regarded as one of the most significant figures in modern American theatre. His works are known for their exploration of complex themes such as family dynamics, personal tragedy, and existential despair, marking a shift towards deeper realism in American drama during the early 20th century. O'Neill's innovative use of language and structure paved the way for future playwrights, influencing the development of American realism in theatre.
Great Depression: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, marked by widespread unemployment, poverty, and a significant drop in economic activity. This period profoundly influenced the arts, particularly theatre, leading to new forms of expression that reflected the struggles of the time and inspired movements focused on social change.
Inner life of characters: The inner life of characters refers to the thoughts, emotions, and psychological motivations that drive a character's actions and decisions in a narrative. This aspect is crucial in creating depth and authenticity, allowing audiences to connect with characters on a personal level. In American Realism, especially during the mid-20th century, playwrights focused heavily on this inner life to explore the complexities of human experience and the societal influences that shape individuals.
Lorraine hansberry: Lorraine Hansberry was an American playwright and activist, best known for her groundbreaking play 'A Raisin in the Sun', which debuted on Broadway in 1959. Her work is significant as it marked a turning point in American theatre, introducing authentic African American voices and experiences to mainstream audiences, while also addressing issues of race, identity, and social justice.
Naturalism: Naturalism is a theatrical movement that emerged in the late 19th century, emphasizing a realistic portrayal of life and human behavior, often influenced by scientific and philosophical ideas. It aims to present life as it is, focusing on the influence of environment, heredity, and social conditions on human behavior, thus creating a more authentic and relatable experience for the audience.
Post-world war ii america: Post-World War II America refers to the period in United States history following the end of World War II in 1945, characterized by significant social, economic, and cultural changes. This era saw a shift towards consumerism, the emergence of new social movements, and a reevaluation of traditional values, particularly in the context of American Realism and the exploration of the American Dream in theatre. As society grappled with its identity, theatre became a vital medium for reflecting and challenging these evolving norms.
Psychological realism: Psychological realism is a style of representation in theatre that focuses on the internal emotional and psychological states of characters, aiming to portray their thoughts, feelings, and motivations in a truthful and relatable manner. This approach often emphasizes character development and the complexities of human behavior, reflecting a deeper understanding of individual psychology and societal influences.
Realistic set design: Realistic set design refers to a theatrical approach where the stage environment closely resembles a real-life setting, aiming to create an authentic and relatable experience for the audience. This style emphasizes detailed and accurate representations of locations, utilizing period-appropriate furniture, props, and architectural elements to reflect the time and place of the story being told. The goal is to immerse the audience in a believable world that enhances the overall narrative of the performance.
Social issues: Social issues are problems that influence a considerable number of individuals within a society, impacting their quality of life and leading to significant societal concern. In the context of American Realism in the mid-20th century, these issues often centered on themes like class struggle, racial discrimination, and gender inequality, reflecting the realities of everyday life and the challenges faced by ordinary people.
Subtext: Subtext refers to the underlying meaning or implicit ideas in dialogue or action, which may not be immediately visible but convey deeper emotions or themes. It is essential for understanding characters’ true intentions and motivations, enriching the narrative and enhancing the audience's engagement with the performance.
Tennessee Williams: Tennessee Williams was an influential American playwright known for his evocative plays that explored complex human emotions and societal issues, particularly in the Southern United States. His works often reflect themes of desire, loneliness, and the struggle for personal identity, drawing on elements of poetic realism and Southern Gothic traditions.
The Actors Studio: The Actors Studio is an influential professional organization in New York City, founded in 1947, focused on the training of actors, directors, and playwrights through a unique approach to acting. It is known for its commitment to the method acting technique, which emphasizes emotional truth and psychological realism, connecting directly to the broader movement of American Realism that emerged in the mid-20th century. This institution has played a pivotal role in shaping the craft of acting and has fostered the careers of numerous renowned performers who have contributed significantly to American theater and film.
Theatre of the absurd: Theatre of the absurd is a dramatic movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by a focus on the irrationality and meaninglessness of human existence. It reflects a post-World War II disillusionment with traditional narratives, often using illogical situations, repetitive dialogue, and nonsensical actions to highlight the absurdity of life.