7.4 Early realist playwrights and works
5 min read•august 13, 2024
Early realist playwrights like Ibsen, Strindberg, Chekhov, and Shaw revolutionized theatre in the late 19th century. They challenged societal norms and explored everyday issues through complex characters and authentic dialogue.
These writers paved the way for modern theatre by introducing realistic staging techniques and psychological depth. Their focus on social issues and relatable characters continues to influence playwrights and captivate audiences today.
Realism in Early Theatre
Key Playwrights and Works
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"Pigmalione" di George Bernard Shaw: recensione libro View original
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Publication: Strindberg's Ghost Sonata and Other Uncollected Tales View original
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"Pigmalione" di George Bernard Shaw: recensione libro View original
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- , a Norwegian playwright, is considered the "father of realism" in theatre
- His plays challenged societal norms and conventions of the time ( (1879), (1881), (1890))
- , a Swedish playwright, explored and the power dynamics between men and women
- Notable works include (1888) and (1887)
- , a Russian playwright and short story writer, depicted the lives of ordinary people and their struggles with everyday issues
- Famous plays include (1896), (1899), (1901), and (1904)
- , an Irish playwright, addressed social issues and challenged societal norms through witty dialogue and strong characters
- Renowned works include (1893) and (1912)
Characteristics of Early Realist Plays
- Early realist plays often explored themes such as , , , and the individual's struggle against societal expectations
- These themes were portrayed through complex, psychologically-developed characters that were multi-dimensional, with both strengths and flaws
- Characters in early realist plays were often ordinary people dealing with everyday problems, as opposed to the larger-than-life figures in earlier theatrical traditions
- This approach made the characters more relatable and accessible to audiences
Themes and Techniques of Early Realism
Authentic Representation on Stage
- Realist playwrights aimed to create a sense of authenticity on stage by employing naturalistic dialogue, detailed sets, and costumes that accurately reflected the time period and social milieu of the characters
- This attention to detail helped to immerse the audience in the world of the play and make the characters feel more real and believable
- The "fourth wall" concept was introduced, in which the audience was treated as if they were observing real events unfolding, rather than a theatrical performance
- This technique enhanced the illusion of reality on stage and allowed the audience to become more invested in the story and characters
Staging Techniques
- Staging techniques in early realist plays often included the use of box sets, which created a more realistic and detailed environment for the characters to inhabit
- Box sets were designed to look like real rooms or spaces, with walls, doors, and windows that helped to define the setting and create a sense of place
- Early realist plays also incorporated real props and furniture to further enhance the sense of realism on stage
- The use of authentic, period-appropriate objects helped to create a more immersive and believable world for the characters to inhabit
Early Realist Playwrights: A Comparison
Ibsen and Strindberg
- While Ibsen and Strindberg both challenged societal norms, Ibsen's plays often focused on the individual's struggle against society, while Strindberg's works delved more into psychological realism and the inner workings of the human mind
- Ibsen's A Doll's House, for example, explores the theme of a woman's struggle for independence in a male-dominated society
- Strindberg's Miss Julie, on the other hand, delves into the psychological power dynamics between a wealthy woman and her servant
Chekhov and Shaw
- Chekhov's plays were known for their subtle, nuanced approach to character development and their depiction of the mundane aspects of life, while Shaw's works were characterized by their witty, intellectually-charged dialogue and social commentary
- Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard, for instance, explores the decline of the Russian aristocracy through the lens of everyday family dynamics
- Shaw's Pygmalion, in contrast, uses sharp wit and social satire to critique class divisions and gender roles in Victorian society
Differences in Approach
- Ibsen and Shaw both used their plays as vehicles for social criticism, but Ibsen's works tended to be more serious in tone, while Shaw's often employed humor and satire to convey his message
- Ibsen's Ghosts tackles the weighty themes of inherited sin and societal hypocrisy with a somber, moralistic tone
- Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession, however, uses biting wit and irony to expose the hypocrisies surrounding prostitution and women's limited economic opportunities
- Strindberg and Chekhov both explored the inner lives of their characters, but Strindberg's approach was often more intense and emotionally charged, while Chekhov's was more understated and subtle
- Strindberg's The Father portrays a man's psychological unraveling with raw, explosive intensity
- Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, on the other hand, depicts the quiet desperation and unfulfilled dreams of its characters with a gentle, melancholic touch
Impact of Early Realism on Modern Theatre
Departure from Earlier Theatrical Traditions
- Early realist plays marked a significant departure from the melodramatic and larger-than-life styles of earlier theatrical traditions
- This shift paved the way for more naturalistic and psychologically-complex works in the 20th century, such as those by Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams
Enduring Themes and Social Issues
- The themes and social issues addressed in early realist plays, such as gender roles, class divisions, and individual freedom, continue to be relevant and explored in contemporary theatre
- Modern playwrights like Caryl Churchill and David Mamet have built upon the foundation laid by early realists to tackle pressing social and political issues of our time
Influence on Stagecraft and Character Development
- The emphasis on authentic, detailed stagecraft in early realist plays influenced the development of modern stage design and production techniques
- The use of realistic sets, props, and costumes has become a staple of modern theatre, allowing for more immersive and believable storytelling
- The psychological depth and complexity of characters in early realist plays set a new standard for character development in modern theatre
- This focus on creating multi-dimensional, relatable characters has influenced generations of playwrights and actors, from Arthur Miller to Meryl Streep
Lasting Legacy
- The works of Ibsen, Strindberg, Chekhov, and Shaw continue to be widely performed and studied, testifying to their enduring impact and relevance in the world of theatre
- Their plays have been adapted into countless films, television shows, and even musicals, ensuring that their groundbreaking contributions to realism in theatre will continue to inspire and influence artists for generations to come
Key Terms to Review (29)
A Doll's House: A Doll's House is a three-act play written by Henrik Ibsen, first performed in 1879, that explores the theme of marriage and the quest for identity. It tells the story of Nora Helmer, who initially appears to be a submissive wife but ultimately seeks independence and self-realization, challenging the traditional roles of women in society. This play marked a significant shift in the portrayal of women on stage and is often regarded as a catalyst for modern realistic drama.
Anton Chekhov: Anton Chekhov was a Russian playwright and short story writer, whose work is recognized for its innovative approach to realism and profound psychological insight. His plays often reflect the complexities of human emotion and the mundane aspects of life, which laid the groundwork for modern drama and influenced subsequent playwrights in the evolution of realism.
August Strindberg: August Strindberg was a Swedish playwright and novelist known for his influential works that laid the groundwork for modern drama, particularly in the realm of naturalism and expressionism. His plays often explore complex themes such as human psychology, class struggles, and the conflicts between men and women, significantly impacting the trajectory of theatre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Blocking: Blocking refers to the precise staging of actors in a performance, including their movements and positioning on stage. This technique is crucial in creating visual storytelling, establishing relationships between characters, and guiding audience focus. Through effective blocking, playwrights and directors convey the underlying themes and emotions of a play, enhancing the overall impact of the performance.
Breaking the fourth wall: Breaking the fourth wall refers to a theatrical technique where a character acknowledges the audience's presence, directly addressing them or making them aware of the fictional nature of the performance. This technique allows for a unique interaction between the actors and the audience, creating moments of humor or reflection that can enhance the storytelling experience. It challenges traditional boundaries in theatre, encouraging viewers to engage more actively with the narrative.
Everyday life: Everyday life refers to the routine experiences, social interactions, and daily activities that shape individuals' existence within their cultural and societal contexts. This concept emphasizes the significance of mundane events, behaviors, and environments, reflecting the broader social realities that people navigate. In the context of early realism in theatre, everyday life became a crucial focus for playwrights who aimed to portray authentic characters and situations that resonate with the audience's experiences.
Family dynamics: Family dynamics refer to the patterns of interactions, relationships, and behaviors among family members that shape their roles, communication styles, and emotional connections. In the context of early realist playwrights and works, these dynamics often reveal the complexities of familial relationships, highlighting themes such as conflict, support, and societal expectations within a family unit.
Focus on everyday life: Focus on everyday life refers to the artistic approach that emphasizes the ordinary experiences and struggles of individuals in their daily routines. This perspective is crucial in early realism, as it seeks to portray realistic characters and situations, often highlighting social issues and the complexity of human relationships within common settings.
Gender roles: Gender roles refer to the social and behavioral norms that are considered appropriate for individuals based on their perceived sex. These roles often dictate how men and women are expected to behave, dress, and interact in society, reflecting broader cultural attitudes towards gender. The exploration of gender roles is particularly relevant in early realist theatre, where playwrights began to challenge traditional perceptions of masculinity and femininity, highlighting the struggles of individuals against societal expectations.
George Bernard Shaw: George Bernard Shaw was an influential Irish playwright and critic, known for his wit and social commentary. His works often challenged societal norms and conventions, paving the way for modern realist drama while engaging with social issues that were prevalent during his time. Shaw's plays frequently incorporated elements of comedy and irony, similar to the style of earlier playwrights, while also embracing the spirit of realism that emerged with the works of Henrik Ibsen.
Ghosts: In the context of theatre, ghosts refer to spectral figures or supernatural entities that represent unresolved issues or the past, often symbolizing memory, guilt, or the haunting nature of one's history. These apparitions are used in dramatic works to explore themes of the human condition, the psyche, and societal critiques, often revealing deeper truths about characters and their relationships.
Hedda Gabler: Hedda Gabler is a play written by Henrik Ibsen in 1890, centering on the complex character of Hedda, a strong-willed woman trapped in a stifling marriage and societal expectations. The play is significant as it embodies the themes of realism, particularly focusing on psychological depth and social constraints, marking a shift towards modern dramatic narratives that challenge traditional roles and relationships.
Henrik Ibsen: Henrik Ibsen was a Norwegian playwright and poet, widely regarded as one of the founders of modern realism in theatre. His work challenged social norms and explored complex characters and themes, paving the way for future playwrights and the development of realistic drama.
Industrial revolution: The industrial revolution was a period of major industrialization that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, marked by the transition from agrarian economies to industrialized and urban ones. This shift had profound effects on society, culture, and the economy, influencing art, literature, and performance forms, including theatre.
Miss Julie: Miss Julie is a play written by August Strindberg in 1888 that showcases the struggles of class, gender, and power dynamics through the interactions of its characters. The play is significant as it exemplifies early naturalism in theatre, highlighting the influence of environment and heredity on human behavior, which ties closely to the movements of realism and the exploration of psychological depth in character development.
Mrs. Warren's Profession: Mrs. Warren's Profession is a play by George Bernard Shaw that premiered in 1902, focusing on the struggles of a woman who is forced into the sex trade due to limited options in society. The play critiques the social conditions and moral hypocrisy of the time, especially regarding women's rights and the societal expectations placed on them. It serves as a key work within the genre of social problem plays, highlighting issues of class, gender, and economic disparity.
Naturalism: Naturalism is a theatrical movement that emerged in the late 19th century, emphasizing a realistic portrayal of everyday life and characters in a way that reflects the scientific understanding of human behavior and society. This approach often involves detailed sets, authentic dialogue, and an exploration of the social environment, aiming to depict life without idealization or romanticism.
Psychological realism: Psychological realism is a dramatic approach that emphasizes the inner thoughts, emotions, and motivations of characters, making their experiences and behaviors more relatable and authentic. This form of realism aims to capture the complexity of human psychology, portraying characters as multi-dimensional individuals rather than mere archetypes. The exploration of psychological realism has deeply influenced the development of modern drama and is particularly prominent in works that focus on character-driven narratives.
Pygmalion: Pygmalion is a term that originates from a Greek myth about a sculptor who falls in love with a statue he carved, which then comes to life. This concept has been adapted in various artistic expressions, notably in theatre, where it often explores themes of transformation, identity, and social class. It is particularly significant in the context of early realism and the social problem play, reflecting the changing societal norms and human relationships during the transition to realism in theatre.
Social class: Social class refers to a hierarchical structure in society that groups individuals based on various socio-economic factors, including wealth, occupation, education, and cultural capital. It influences individuals' access to resources, opportunities, and experiences, significantly impacting social interactions and artistic expression within a given context. The representation of social classes can shape narratives in theatre and playwriting, reflecting societal values and tensions.
Social reform movements: Social reform movements are organized efforts aimed at improving specific issues in society, such as labor rights, women's rights, education, and public health. These movements often seek to address social inequalities and injustices through advocacy, policy changes, and cultural shifts. In the context of early realist playwrights and their works, these movements provided a backdrop for the themes explored in theatre, highlighting the struggles of the everyday person and the quest for social justice.
Stage directions: Stage directions are instructions in a script that provide guidance on the actions, movements, and emotions of actors, as well as details about the setting and stage design. They play a crucial role in shaping the performance by indicating how characters should interact with one another and their environment. Stage directions help establish tone, pacing, and visual storytelling, making them essential in both Restoration theatre and early realism.
Subtext: Subtext refers to the underlying meaning, thoughts, or emotions that are not explicitly stated in dialogue but are implied through actions, tone, and context. It plays a crucial role in enriching characters and narratives, allowing audiences to perceive deeper layers of meaning beyond the surface-level dialogue.
The Cherry Orchard: The Cherry Orchard is a play written by Anton Chekhov in 1903, regarded as one of the most significant works of modern drama. It explores themes of social change, nostalgia, and the passing of time as an aristocratic family faces the loss of their estate and cherry orchard due to financial difficulties. The play represents a transition in theatre from the melodramatic styles of the past to a more realistic and nuanced portrayal of human emotions and societal shifts, connecting deeply with early realist playwrights and their focus on character-driven stories.
The father: In the context of theatre, 'the father' often refers to a pivotal figure in early realism and naturalism, symbolizing the patriarchal authority that governs familial and societal relationships. This figure is essential in understanding the dynamics of power, conflict, and the human experience as portrayed in realist plays. The father archetype can represent both oppressive control and protective love, reflecting the complexities of human interactions within a changing social landscape.
The Seagull: The Seagull is a four-act play written by Anton Chekhov, first performed in 1896. It is considered one of the most significant works in the transition to modern realism in theatre, exploring complex themes such as unrequited love, artistic ambition, and the nature of happiness.
Three Sisters: The 'Three Sisters' is a play written by Anton Chekhov that focuses on the lives of the Prozorov sisters—Olga, Masha, and Irina—as they navigate their dreams and disappointments in a small Russian provincial town. This work is significant in early realism, highlighting the complex emotions and everyday struggles of ordinary characters, while also establishing a new form of storytelling that deeply influenced modern theatre.
Uncle Vanya: 'Uncle Vanya' is a classic play written by Anton Chekhov in 1897, which reflects the essence of realism and explores themes of unrequited love, existential despair, and the clash between idealism and reality. The play is considered one of the seminal works of early modern theatre and showcases Chekhov's unique style that deeply influenced later playwrights and theatre practitioners. Its impact can be seen in the development of character-driven narratives and the use of subtext in dialogue, marking a shift towards more realistic portrayals of human experiences on stage.
Verisimilitude: Verisimilitude refers to the appearance of being true or real in a work of art, particularly in literature and theatre. It emphasizes the authenticity and plausibility of the narrative and characters, making them relatable and believable to the audience. In theatre, achieving verisimilitude became crucial as it guided playwrights and directors in creating works that mirrored reality and human experience, shaping various movements from neoclassicism to realism.