6.2 Doris Humphrey and the Art of Choreography
5 min read•august 15, 2024
revolutionized with her innovative choreographic theories. She focused on and the interplay between balance and imbalance, developing concepts like "" and "" that became fundamental to the art form.
Humphrey's work bridged early modern dance pioneers and later generations. Her systematic approach to , codified in "," influenced countless choreographers and dancers, shaping the evolution of modern dance in the mid-20th century and beyond.
Humphrey's Choreographic Theories
Natural Rhythms and Movement Continuum
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- Developed comprehensive movement theory based on natural rhythms of human body emphasizing interplay between balance and imbalance
- Believed all movement exists on continuum between two extremes complete stillness ("") and total mobility
- Emphasized importance of "" in dance asserting all movement should have clear purpose or intent
- Developed concept of "breath rhythm" as fundamental element connecting movement to natural cycles of inhalation and exhalation
- Advocated for "democratic" approach to choreography believing all body parts should be equally important in creating movement
Kinetic Force and Choreographic Principles
- Centered choreographic theory on concept of "" defined as energy propelling movement through space and time
- Explored use of weight, , and to create dynamic and expressive movements
- Incorporated principles of opposition and counterbalance to create tension and visual interest in choreography
- Emphasized importance of in dance compositions, utilizing levels, pathways, and formations
- Developed techniques for manipulating time and rhythm in choreography including use of , , and
Codification and Legacy
- Theories codified in book "The Art of Making Dances" became seminal text in modern dance choreography
- Established systematic approach to dance composition including principles of design, dynamics, and rhythm
- Influenced development of dance notation systems particularly
- Teachings at Bennington School of Dance and Juilliard helped institutionalize modern dance education in United States
- Choreographic methods continue to be taught and practiced in dance programs worldwide
"Fall and Recovery" in Humphrey's Work
Concept and Technique
- Cornerstone of Humphrey's movement theory based on human body's constant negotiation with gravity
- "Fall" represents controlled descent or release from balance while "recovery" is subsequent return to equilibrium
- Viewed cycle as metaphor for reflecting ongoing struggle between stability and instability in life
- Used to create and release generating sense of organic flow in movement
- Allowed for wide range of movement qualities from subtle weight shifts to dramatic falls and suspensions (penché in ballet, release in contemporary dance)
Choreographic Applications
- Influenced Humphrey's use of space often creating diagonal pathways and asymmetrical compositions on stage
- Incorporated into group choreography to create visual harmony and contrast between dancers
- Used to explore themes of human resilience and adaptability in works like "" (1928)
- Applied concept to develop unique partnering techniques emphasizing shared weight and mutual support
- Integrated "fall and recovery" with other choreographic elements like repetition and canon to create complex movement phrases
Impact on Modern Dance
- Became fundamental technique in modern dance training influencing generations of dancers and choreographers
- Provided framework for exploring gravity and momentum in dance distinct from classical ballet technique
- Influenced development of contact and other contemporary dance forms
- Continues to be taught as core principle in many modern and contemporary dance curricula (Graham technique, Limón technique)
Humphrey's Legacy in Modern Dance
Choreographic Framework and Education
- Development of structured choreographic theory provided framework for creating and analyzing modern dance compositions
- Emphasis on natural body movements and rhythms helped differentiate modern dance from classical ballet establishing it as distinct art form
- Approach to composition emphasizing motivation and intent paved way for more narrative and emotionally expressive forms of modern dance
- Teachings at Bennington School of Dance and Juilliard helped institutionalize modern dance education in United States
- Choreographic works like "Water Study" (1928) and "" (1931) remain influential examples of early modern dance composition
Technical Innovations and Influence
- Developed unique movement vocabulary based on principles of fall and recovery breath rhythm and kinetic force
- Influenced development of dance notation systems particularly Labanotation helping preserve modern dance works
- Pioneered use of pedestrian movements and everyday gestures in choreography influencing postmodern dance (Judson Dance Theater)
- Explored use of improvisation as choreographic tool inspiring later developments in contemporary dance
Continued Impact Through Disciples
- Legacy continued through protégé José Limón who further developed and disseminated her choreographic principles
- Influenced work of other prominent choreographers including Alvin Ailey and Paul Taylor
- and later Limón Dance Company preserved and performed her choreographic repertoire
- Principles continue to be taught and practiced in dance programs worldwide influencing new generations of dancers and choreographers
Humphrey vs Contemporaries
Movement Vocabulary and Technique
- Centered technique on fall and recovery principle creating distinct movement vocabulary unlike Martha Graham's focus on contraction and release
- Featured more fluid continuous movement compared to angular and percussive qualities found in Graham's choreography
- Developed more structured and codified approach to modern dance technique and composition in contrast to individualistic style of Isadora Duncan
- Emphasized musicality and rhythmic structure in choreography aligning more closely with work of Hanya Holm though movement styles differed significantly
Thematic Approach and Composition
- Drew inspiration from emotional and psychological themes but approach tended to be more abstract and less overtly dramatic than Graham's work
- Used group choreography and ensemble work differing from solo-focused performances of early modern dance pioneers (Loie Fuller, Ruth St. Denis)
- Tended to create more serious and formally structured works unlike contemporary who often incorporated elements of humor and satire
- Explored themes of human nature and social dynamics in works like "The Shakers" (1931) and "" (1935)
Philosophical and Pedagogical Differences
- Emphasized importance of choreographic theory and structured composition unlike more improvisation-based approaches of some contemporaries
- Focused on universal human experiences and natural movement patterns rather than specific cultural or mythological themes (Martha Graham, Katherine Dunham)
- Developed comprehensive system for dance education integrating technique composition and choreographic theory
- Advocated for collaborative creative process in contrast to more hierarchical approaches of some contemporaries
Key Terms to Review (32)
Acceleration: Acceleration refers to the rate of change of velocity of an object over time. In dance, this concept is crucial as it relates to how a dancer moves through space and time, influencing their performance dynamics. Understanding acceleration helps choreographers like Doris Humphrey manipulate movement to create tension, release, and expressive quality in dance works.
American Dance Festival Honor: The American Dance Festival Honor is an esteemed recognition awarded to individuals for their significant contributions to the field of dance, particularly in choreography and performance. This honor highlights the recipients' impact on the evolution of dance as an art form, celebrating their artistic achievements and influence on future generations of dancers and choreographers.
Avant-garde: Avant-garde refers to innovative and experimental ideas, often ahead of their time, that challenge traditional norms in art and performance. This term is closely associated with movements that push boundaries, seeking to provoke thought and inspire new forms of expression. In dance, the avant-garde emerged as a significant force, reshaping the landscape of choreography and performance through unconventional techniques and themes.
Breath rhythm: Breath rhythm refers to the natural patterns of inhalation and exhalation that can influence movement and expression in dance. This concept emphasizes the importance of breathing in synchrony with physical movements, creating a connection between body and breath that enhances the emotional depth and storytelling in choreography. In dance, breath rhythm acts as a foundational element that informs timing, flow, and the overall aesthetic quality of a performance.
Charles Weidman: Charles Weidman was an influential American dancer and choreographer who played a pivotal role in the development of modern dance during the early to mid-20th century. Known for his innovative choreography and strong theatrical approach, Weidman contributed significantly to the evolution of dance as a form of artistic expression, often collaborating with other modern dance pioneers to create works that explored complex themes and narratives.
Composition: Composition refers to the arrangement and organization of movement, space, and time in dance choreography. It involves creating a structure for the dance that expresses the choreographer's vision, balancing elements such as dynamics, rhythm, and spatial patterns. This concept is essential for conveying themes and emotions through movement while also ensuring clarity and coherence in performance.
Dance magazine award: The dance magazine award is an accolade presented annually to honor exceptional achievements in the field of dance, celebrating both established and emerging talent. These awards recognize contributions across various dance genres, including ballet, modern dance, and hip-hop, as well as innovations in choreography and performance. The recognition from such awards often elevates the careers of recipients, showcasing their work to a broader audience and encouraging future artistic endeavors.
Deceleration: Deceleration refers to the process of slowing down or decreasing speed, particularly in movement or performance. In dance, deceleration is crucial for creating dynamic contrast and emotional expression, as it allows dancers to explore the relationship between speed and stillness, impacting the overall aesthetic of a performance.
Democratic approach: A democratic approach in dance emphasizes collaboration, inclusivity, and the idea that every participant's voice is valued in the creative process. This method encourages diverse perspectives, allowing for a richer exploration of themes and ideas, and often leads to a more dynamic and collective performance outcome.
Doris Humphrey: Doris Humphrey was a pioneering American modern dancer and choreographer, recognized for her innovative contributions to the art of dance in the early 20th century. She played a key role in shaping modern dance through her unique techniques, emotional expression, and her exploration of gravity and fall in movement, establishing her as a significant figure in the emergence of modern dance.
Dynamic tension: Dynamic tension refers to the contrasting forces and energy in movement, creating a sense of opposition that enhances the expressiveness and fluidity of dance. It combines strength and control, allowing dancers to convey emotion and story through their movements while maintaining a balance between tension and relaxation. This concept is integral to choreographic works, emphasizing the physicality and emotional depth of dance performances.
Fall and recovery: Fall and recovery is a key movement principle in modern dance that emphasizes the body's natural ability to move from a state of suspension or balance into a falling motion and then recover back to a balanced position. This concept highlights the dynamic interplay between gravity and momentum, allowing dancers to explore emotional expression and physicality through their movements. It serves as a foundational technique for many modern dance pioneers, particularly in how it shapes the choreography and performance style of the era.
Gravity: Gravity is a fundamental force that attracts objects with mass towards one another. In the context of dance and choreography, gravity plays a crucial role in movement dynamics, influencing how dancers interact with the ground and their own bodies, as well as how they experience weight and momentum in their performances.
Harlem Renaissance: The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s and early 1930s. It marked a pivotal moment in African American history, showcasing a flourishing of literature, music, visual arts, and dance that celebrated Black identity and challenged racial stereotypes.
Human experience: Human experience refers to the lived realities, emotions, and interactions that shape individuals' understanding of themselves and the world around them. This term encompasses not only the physical sensations and actions associated with living but also the psychological and emotional responses that inform how people express themselves through various forms of art, including dance. In choreography, human experience becomes a vital source of inspiration, as it reflects the complex narratives of life, relationships, and societal issues.
Humphrey-Weidman Company: The Humphrey-Weidman Company was a significant American dance company founded in 1928 by Doris Humphrey and Charles Weidman, known for its innovative contributions to modern dance. This company was instrumental in establishing a distinctive style of choreography that emphasized expressive movement and the exploration of human emotions, reflecting the artistic philosophies of its founders.
Improvisation: Improvisation is the spontaneous creation of movement and dance, often characterized by a lack of pre-planned choreography. It allows dancers to express themselves freely and explore their creativity through movement, often responding to music, emotions, or their environment in the moment. This art form emphasizes individual expression and often plays a critical role in various dance styles and techniques.
José Limón Dance Company: The José Limón Dance Company is a renowned American dance company founded by Mexican-born choreographer José Limón in 1946. It is celebrated for its contributions to modern dance and has played a pivotal role in shaping the art form through innovative choreography and powerful performances, particularly influenced by the techniques of Doris Humphrey, who was Limón's mentor.
Kinetic force: Kinetic force refers to the energy exerted by a moving body, particularly in the context of dance where it influences movement dynamics. In choreography, understanding kinetic force allows dancers to explore the relationship between their bodies and the space around them, resulting in powerful expressions of motion. This concept is crucial for creating phrases that convey emotion and intent, shaping how movement is perceived by an audience.
Labanotation: Labanotation is a system of dance notation developed by Rudolf Laban that provides a way to record and analyze movement through symbols and diagrams. This method captures the specifics of choreography, making it possible to preserve dance works for future generations while allowing for detailed study and interpretation of movement dynamics.
Modern dance: Modern dance is a genre of dance that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a departure from traditional ballet techniques, emphasizing freedom of movement, expression, and the exploration of new ideas and themes. This form of dance reflects the cultural and social changes of its time, focusing on individuality and the human experience.
Momentum: Momentum in dance refers to the force and energy that propel a dancer's movement, enabling transitions and sustained motion throughout a choreography. It is an essential element that influences how dancers connect with the rhythm and dynamics of the music, allowing for fluidity and expression in their movements. Momentum helps to create a sense of continuity and flow, making choreography feel alive and engaging for both the performer and the audience.
Motivation: Motivation refers to the internal and external forces that drive individuals to act or create. It encompasses the reasons behind why a choreographer or dancer engages in their craft, influencing the themes and emotional expressions portrayed in the choreography. Understanding motivation is crucial, as it shapes the narrative and artistic choices made in dance, reflecting both personal and cultural influences.
Natural rhythms: Natural rhythms refer to the inherent patterns of movement and timing that occur in nature, often mirrored in human expression through dance. These rhythms can be influenced by various elements, including biological cycles, environmental factors, and emotional states, creating a profound connection between the dancer and the world around them. Understanding these rhythms is essential for choreographers to develop a cohesive and resonant dance language.
New dance: New dance refers to a modern movement in the world of dance that emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by its departure from classical techniques and traditional forms. It emphasizes expressive, individualistic styles and often incorporates elements from various cultural and artistic influences. This movement sought to explore new ideas about movement, emotion, and the human experience, reflecting broader social changes of the time.
Spatial design: Spatial design refers to the arrangement and organization of space in choreography, creating a visual framework for movement that enhances the storytelling aspect of dance. It encompasses how dancers interact with each other and the environment, utilizing different levels, formations, and pathways to express themes and emotions. This concept is essential for shaping the overall aesthetic experience in performance.
Stasis: Stasis refers to a state of balance or stillness in dance, where the body achieves a moment of suspension and equilibrium. This concept is significant in choreography as it highlights a pause in movement, allowing dancers to embody a sense of weight, tension, or emotional depth before transitioning to dynamic actions. Stasis is often used strategically to create dramatic effect and emphasize the contrast between motion and stillness.
Syncopation: Syncopation is a rhythmic concept that involves emphasizing beats or parts of beats that are typically weak or unaccented in a musical phrase. This technique creates an unexpected twist in the rhythm, adding excitement and complexity to the movement. It often involves shifting the accent to off-beats, which can create a dynamic interplay between the dancer's movements and the accompanying music.
The art of making dances: The art of making dances refers to the creative process of choreography, where movement is structured and organized to convey meaning, emotion, and aesthetics through dance. This practice involves the combination of various elements such as rhythm, space, energy, and form to create a cohesive dance work. It encompasses the exploration of human expression and often reflects cultural narratives or personal experiences.
The great depression: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, significantly impacting economies, societies, and cultures around the globe. It began with the stock market crash in October 1929 and led to widespread unemployment, poverty, and a decline in industrial production. This period forced many artists and performers to adapt their work in response to the social and economic challenges, influencing various forms of dance and choreography as well as the emergence of ballet companies that sought to inspire hope and resilience during tough times.
The Shakers: The Shakers are a religious sect known for their distinctive beliefs in celibacy, communal living, and simple, functional craftsmanship. Founded in the 18th century in England, they emphasized a lifestyle of simplicity and separation from worldly distractions, which influenced their unique approach to dance as a form of worship and expression in their communities.
Water study: Water study refers to a specific choreographic technique developed by Doris Humphrey that emphasizes the flow and movement of the body as it relates to gravity and balance. This technique explores the use of weight and the body's natural response to falling and rising, allowing for a dynamic range of movements that reflect emotional states and physical sensations. It connects deeply with Humphrey's belief in the relationship between movement and human experience, providing a framework for dancers to express their artistry in a more fluid and instinctive way.