11.1 Pioneering black women scientists
7 min read•august 21, 2024
Black women scientists in early America made groundbreaking contributions despite facing racial and gender barriers. Their work in medicine, botany, and other fields challenged stereotypes and laid the foundation for future generations.
From the pre-Civil War era to the Reconstruction period, pioneers like and broke new ground in medicine and nursing. These women overcame systemic racism and sexism to pursue scientific education and careers.
Early scientific contributions
- Black women's scientific contributions in early America challenged racial and gender stereotypes, paving the way for future generations
- These pioneering efforts occurred against a backdrop of slavery, discrimination, and limited educational opportunities
- Early scientific work by Black women often intersected with practical skills and knowledge passed down through African American communities
Pre-Civil War era pioneers
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- Rebecca Lee Crumpler became the first African American woman to earn a medical degree in 1864
- taught anatomy and physiology to women in Philadelphia in the 1830s
- Enslaved women contributed valuable botanical knowledge, influencing early American medicine and agriculture
- Many unnamed Black women worked as midwives, herbalists, and healers, preserving and advancing medical knowledge
Reconstruction period advancements
- Mary Eliza Mahoney became the first licensed African American nurse in 1879
- Susan McKinney Steward was the first African American woman to earn a medical degree in New York State in 1870
- Black women educators established schools focusing on scientific education for African American students
- Agricultural scientists like Carrie Alberta Lyford developed programs to improve nutrition and farming practices in Black communities
Barriers to scientific education
- Systemic racism and sexism created significant obstacles for Black women pursuing scientific education and careers
- These barriers persisted well into the 20th century, shaping the experiences of multiple generations of aspiring scientists
Racial segregation in academia
- Many universities and colleges refused admission to Black students until the mid-20th century
- Segregated schools often lacked resources for advanced scientific education and laboratory facilities
- Black students faced isolation, discrimination, and hostility when admitted to predominantly white institutions
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities () played a crucial role in providing scientific education opportunities
Gender discrimination in STEM
- Women were often discouraged from pursuing scientific careers, regardless of race
- Limited access to advanced mathematics and science courses in girls' schools and women's colleges
- Stereotypes about women's intellectual capabilities in STEM fields persisted well into the 20th century
- Black women faced "" based on both race and gender in scientific fields
Notable 20th century scientists
- The 20th century saw significant breakthroughs by Black women scientists across various disciplines
- These trailblazers often had to overcome substantial barriers to achieve recognition for their work
Medical research trailblazers
- pioneered chemotherapy treatments for cancer in the 1950s and 1960s
- developed mathematical models that became the foundation for GPS technology
- became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States in 1947
- invented the Laserphaco Probe for cataract treatment in 1986
Space program pioneers
- calculated trajectories for NASA space missions, including Apollo 11
- became NASA's first Black female engineer in 1958
- became the first African American woman in space in 1992
- , selected as an astronaut in 2009, continues the legacy of Black women in space exploration
Environmental science leaders
- , the first African woman to receive a Nobel Peace Prize, founded the Green Belt Movement
- pioneered climate modeling techniques and advocated for diversity in climate science
- conducted groundbreaking research in theoretical physics and telecommunications
- studied the relationship between melanin and skin cancer, advancing dermatological research
Institutional support and mentorship
- Access to supportive institutions and mentors played a crucial role in the success of many Black women scientists
- The availability of these resources varied greatly depending on time period and geographic location
Historically black colleges vs PWIs
- HBCUs provided crucial opportunities for scientific education when many other institutions excluded Black students
- Notable HBCUs for STEM education included Howard University, Spelman College, and Tuskegee Institute
- Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) often presented challenging environments for Black women scientists
- Some PWIs, like MIT and Yale, eventually became important centers for advancing diversity in STEM fields
Professional organizations for women
- The supported educational and professional development
- (AWIS) advocated for gender equity in STEM fields since 1971
- (BWISE) provides networking and mentorship opportunities
- addresses the unique challenges faced by women of color in scientific fields
Fields of significant impact
- Black women scientists have made substantial contributions across various scientific disciplines
- Their work has advanced human knowledge and improved quality of life in numerous ways
Biology and medicine
- became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in bacteriology in 1933
- Dr. Jewel Plummer Cobb's research on melanin contributed to understanding skin cancer mechanisms
- Dr. Shirley Jackson's work in theoretical physics led to advances in telecommunications technology
- Dr. Patricia Era Bath revolutionized cataract surgery with her invention of the Laserphaco Probe
Chemistry and physics
- Dr. Marie Maynard Daly's research on cholesterol, sugars, and proteins advanced understanding of heart disease
- Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson's work in theoretical physics led to breakthroughs in telecommunications
- Dr. Donna Auguste patented technology for touch screen devices, influencing modern mobile technology
- developed laser technology for targeted cancer treatment
Mathematics and engineering
- Katherine Johnson's calculations were crucial for successful NASA space missions
- Dr. Gladys West's mathematical modeling contributed to the development of GPS technology
- became the first African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Howard University
- invented the illusion transmitter, which produces 3D projections
Intersectionality in scientific careers
- The concept of intersectionality highlights how multiple forms of discrimination interact and compound
- For Black women in science, the intersection of race and gender created unique challenges and experiences
Race and gender challenges
- Black women scientists often faced "double discrimination" based on both race and gender
- Stereotypes and biases related to both race and gender influenced hiring, promotion, and recognition
- Isolation in predominantly white and male scientific environments created additional stress
- Tokenism sometimes led to added pressure to represent both their gender and racial group
Socioeconomic factors
- Limited access to quality education in low-income communities affected early STEM preparation
- Financial barriers often made pursuing higher education and advanced degrees more challenging
- Lack of family connections in scientific fields could limit networking and mentorship opportunities
- Economic pressures sometimes forced talented individuals to choose more immediately lucrative careers over scientific pursuits
Recognition and awards
- Despite facing significant barriers, many Black women scientists have achieved high levels of recognition for their work
- These awards not only honor individual achievements but also inspire future generations of scientists
Nobel Prize recipients
- No Black women have yet been awarded a in science, highlighting ongoing disparities in recognition
- Several Black women scientists have been nominated or considered for the prize
- The lack of Nobel recognition underscores broader issues of representation and bias in scientific accolades
National medals of science
- Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson received the in 2014 for her work in physics
- Dr. Warren Washington was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2010 for his contributions to climate modeling
- These awards represent the highest honor bestowed by the U.S. government on scientists and engineers
Legacy and influence
- The achievements of Black women scientists have had a profound and lasting impact on both scientific knowledge and society
- Their stories continue to inspire and shape the future of science and diversity in STEM fields
Inspiring future generations
- Increased visibility of Black women scientists serves as role models for young aspiring scientists
- Programs like Black Girls Code and Black Girls Do STEM build on the legacy of early pioneers
- Autobiographies and biographies of notable Black women scientists provide inspiration and guidance
- Media representations, such as the film "Hidden Figures," have brought attention to overlooked contributions
Contributions to scientific knowledge
- Advancements in medical treatments, including cancer therapies and cataract surgery
- Crucial calculations and technologies enabling space exploration and satellite communications
- Improved understanding of climate systems and environmental processes
- Innovations in computer science and telecommunications that shape modern technology
Advocacy and activism
- Many Black women scientists have combined their scientific work with advocacy for social change
- These efforts have helped to create more inclusive and equitable scientific communities
Fighting for equal opportunities
- Dr. Shirley Jackson advocated for increased diversity in physics and engineering throughout her career
- Dr. Mae Jemison established the to promote science education
- Organizations like the National Society of Black Engineers work to increase Black representation in engineering
- Mentorship programs and scholarships specifically targeting underrepresented groups in STEM
Promoting diversity in STEM
- Initiatives like the Association for Women in Science advocate for gender equity in scientific fields
- HBCU STEM programs continue to play a crucial role in educating Black scientists
- Corporate and academic diversity initiatives aim to increase representation in scientific workplaces
- Policy advocacy efforts focus on increasing funding for diversity in STEM education and research
Key Terms to Review (28)
Association for Women in Science: The Association for Women in Science (AWIS) is an organization founded in 1971 aimed at promoting the interests and advancement of women in scientific fields. This organization provides resources, networking opportunities, and advocacy to help women overcome barriers in their careers and excel in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Its formation marked a significant moment in history by addressing gender disparities and supporting pioneering black women scientists who faced both racial and gender-based obstacles.
Black women in science and engineering: Black women in science and engineering refers to the contributions, challenges, and achievements of African American women in various scientific and technical fields. Despite facing systemic barriers, including racial and gender discrimination, these women have pioneered significant advancements and broken ground in their respective disciplines, showcasing resilience and innovation that has influenced both scientific progress and societal change.
Dorothy Jemison Foundation: The Dorothy Jemison Foundation is a non-profit organization founded by Dr. Mae Jemison, the first African American woman in space. The foundation aims to promote science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) education for underrepresented groups, particularly young girls of color. Through various programs and initiatives, it seeks to inspire and empower the next generation of pioneers in science and technology, connecting with the legacy of pioneering black women scientists.
Double discrimination: Double discrimination refers to the unique challenges and biases that individuals face when they belong to more than one marginalized group, often experiencing prejudice based on both race and gender. This term highlights the compounded effects of societal inequalities that women of color, particularly Black women, encounter in various fields, including science, education, and employment. It emphasizes that these women not only confront racism but also sexism, making their struggles distinct from those faced by white women or Black men.
Dr. Aprille Ericsson: Dr. Aprille Ericsson is an accomplished aerospace engineer known for her groundbreaking work at NASA, where she has made significant contributions to space exploration and engineering. As one of the first African American women to earn a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering, she stands as a pioneering figure in her field, inspiring future generations of women and minorities in STEM disciplines.
Dr. Gladys West: Dr. Gladys West is an African American mathematician whose work in satellite geodesy played a crucial role in the development of GPS technology. Her contributions, often overlooked, highlight the impact of Black women in scientific fields, academia, and their pioneering roles in advancing technology and mathematics.
Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green: Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green is a pioneering African American physicist and researcher known for her groundbreaking work in cancer treatment using lasers. Her innovative approach focuses on harnessing laser technology to target and destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue, setting her apart as a leader in both science and medicine.
Dr. Jane Cooke Wright: Dr. Jane Cooke Wright was a pioneering African American oncologist and medical researcher known for her groundbreaking work in chemotherapy during the mid-20th century. Her innovative approach in developing new cancer treatment methods has had a lasting impact on modern medicine and represents a significant milestone in the contributions of Black women to the field of science and healthcare.
Dr. Jewel Plummer Cobb: Dr. Jewel Plummer Cobb was a pioneering African American cell biologist and educator, known for her significant contributions to the fields of science and medicine. Her work focused on cancer research and the effects of cancer treatments, particularly how they impact African American women. Dr. Cobb's legacy extends beyond her scientific achievements, as she was also a passionate advocate for increasing diversity in the sciences, inspiring future generations of black women in STEM fields.
Dr. Mae Jemison: Dr. Mae Jemison is an American physician and NASA astronaut, renowned for being the first African American woman to travel in space aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992. Her groundbreaking achievement represents significant professional advancements for women of color in STEM fields, and her work continues to inspire contemporary black women in science and medicine.
Dr. Marie Maynard Daly: Dr. Marie Maynard Daly was the first African American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry, achieving this milestone in 1947. Her groundbreaking research focused on the biochemistry of cholesterol and its relationship to heart disease, contributing significantly to the understanding of cardiovascular health and nutrition.
Dr. Patricia Bath: Dr. Patricia Bath was a pioneering African American ophthalmologist, inventor, and advocate for public health who became the first African American woman to complete a residency in ophthalmology in the United States. Her groundbreaking work focused on the treatment and prevention of blindness, and she is best known for inventing the Laserphaco Probe, a device that revolutionized cataract surgery. Bath's contributions have made significant impacts in the fields of medicine and science, highlighting the important role of Black women in these areas.
Dr. Ruth Ella Moore: Dr. Ruth Ella Moore was an influential African American microbiologist and the first Black woman to earn a Ph.D. in the natural sciences in the United States. Her groundbreaking work focused on tuberculosis and contributed significantly to public health, highlighting the role of race and gender in the scientific community during her time.
Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson: Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson is a prominent American physicist and the first African American woman to earn a doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1973. Her groundbreaking contributions to the field of physics and her leadership roles in academia and research institutions have paved the way for future generations of scientists, particularly women and people of color, to enter and thrive in STEM fields.
Dr. Valerie Thomas: Dr. Valerie Thomas is an African American physicist and inventor known for her significant contributions to the fields of science and technology, particularly through her work with NASA. She developed the illusion transmitter, a technology that creates 3D images and has applications in various fields, including medical imaging and virtual reality. Her pioneering achievements highlight the impact of black women in science, showcasing both her technical expertise and her role as a trailblazer in a predominantly male field.
Dr. Wangari Maathai: Dr. Wangari Maathai was a renowned Kenyan environmental and political activist, celebrated for her efforts in promoting sustainable development, democracy, and women's rights. She is best known as the founder of the Green Belt Movement, which focuses on environmental conservation and tree planting as a means to empower women and improve local communities.
Dr. Warren Washington: Dr. Warren Washington is a prominent African American atmospheric scientist known for his pioneering work in climate modeling and research. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of climate change and its impacts, becoming a leading figure in the field of meteorology and a role model for aspiring scientists, particularly women and minorities.
HBCUs: Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the principal mission of educating Black Americans. These colleges and universities play a crucial role in shaping the academic landscape for Black women, contributing to cultural preservation, advancing women in science and medicine, and acknowledging the pioneering achievements of Black female scientists.
Jeanette Epps: Jeanette Epps is an African American aerospace engineer and NASA astronaut who has made significant contributions to space exploration. She was selected as a NASA astronaut in 2009 and is known for being the first Black woman assigned to a long-duration mission on the International Space Station, showcasing the achievements of Black women in STEM fields.
Katherine Johnson: Katherine Johnson was an African American mathematician whose calculations were critical to the success of NASA's early space missions, including the first American in space and the Apollo moon landing. Her groundbreaking work exemplifies the significant contributions of Black women in science and technology, particularly within the context of STEM education and advocacy.
Mary Eliza Mahoney: Mary Eliza Mahoney was the first African American registered nurse in the United States, making significant contributions to the nursing profession and advocating for equality in healthcare. Her pioneering efforts not only helped to pave the way for other Black women in nursing but also highlighted the need for better training and recognition within medical institutions.
Mary Jackson: Mary Jackson was a pioneering African American mathematician and aerospace engineer who worked at NASA during the Space Race. She became the first black woman engineer at NASA and played a crucial role in breaking racial and gender barriers in STEM fields, significantly contributing to the advancement of aeronautics and space exploration.
National Association of Colored Women's Clubs: The National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC) is an organization founded in 1896 to address the social, political, and economic issues affecting African American women and their communities. It emerged as a response to the systemic racism and discrimination faced by Black women, aiming to provide them with a platform for advocacy, education, and community service. The NACWC has been instrumental in promoting education and professional development among Black women while also playing a crucial role in various social reform movements, including suffrage and civil rights.
National Medal of Science: The National Medal of Science is a prestigious award established by the U.S. government to honor individuals for their exceptional contributions to science and engineering. This award not only recognizes groundbreaking research but also serves as an encouragement for future scientific advancements, particularly highlighting the achievements of underrepresented groups in these fields.
Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize is a prestigious international award established by the will of Alfred Nobel, given annually in several categories including Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace. It recognizes outstanding contributions that have significantly benefited humanity and has become synonymous with excellence and groundbreaking achievements.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler: Rebecca Lee Crumpler was the first African American woman to earn a medical degree in the United States, graduating from the New England Female Medical College in 1864. Her groundbreaking achievements not only contributed significantly to medical research but also paved the way for future generations of black women in nursing and healthcare professions, as she faced and overcame substantial barriers in the scientific fields during a time of racial and gender discrimination.
Sarah Mapps Douglass: Sarah Mapps Douglass was a prominent 19th-century African American educator, abolitionist, and women's rights advocate known for her significant contributions to the education of black women and her involvement in various social reform movements. Douglass was a co-founder of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and played a vital role in advancing the rights of African Americans during her lifetime, particularly focusing on education as a means for empowerment.
Society of STEM Women of Color: The Society of STEM Women of Color is an organization dedicated to supporting and empowering women of color in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This society aims to address the systemic barriers these women face and fosters a community that promotes networking, mentorship, and professional development, enabling members to thrive in their careers.