1.1
Biological Macromolecules
1.2
Cell Structure and Function
1.3
Cellular Energetics and Metabolism
1.4
Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling
2.1
DNA Structure and Replication
2.2
Transcription and RNA Processing
2.3
Translation and Protein Synthesis
2.4
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3.1
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
3.3
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
4.1
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
4.2
Probability and Punnett Squares
4.3
Pedigree Analysis
5.1
Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns
5.2
Gene Interactions and Epistasis
5.3
Quantitative and Polygenic Inheritance
6.1
Chromosome Structure and Function
6.2
Sex-linked Inheritance
6.3
Chromosomal Aberrations and Disorders
7.1
Types of Mutations
7.2
Causes and Effects of Mutations
7.3
DNA Repair Mechanisms
8.1
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes
8.2
Repetitive DNA and Transposable Elements
8.3
Epigenetic Modifications
9.1
DNA Cloning and PCR
9.2
Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Sequencing
9.3
Genomics and Bioinformatics
9.4
Gene Therapy and CRISPR Technology
10.1
Embryonic Development and Gene Expression
10.2
Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells
10.3
Developmental Genetics and Model Organisms
11.1
Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
11.2
Genetic Drift and Gene Flow
11.3
Natural Selection and Adaptation
12.1
Evidence for Evolution
12.2
Microevolution and Macroevolution
12.3
Evolutionary Rates and Patterns
12.4
Coevolution and Evolutionary Arms Races
13.1
Species Concepts and Speciation Mechanisms
13.2
Adaptive Radiation and Convergent Evolution
13.3
Extinction and Mass Extinctions
14.1
Phylogenetic Trees and Cladistics
14.2
Molecular Clocks and Comparative Genomics
14.3
Major Clades and Evolutionary Relationships
15.1
Virus Structure, Replication, and Evolution
15.2
Bacterial Cell Structure and Diversity
15.3
Archaeal Characteristics and Extremophiles
15.4
Microbial Ecology and Human Microbiome
16.1
Endosymbiotic Theory and Origin of Eukaryotes
16.2
Protist Diversity and Ecology
16.3
Major Eukaryotic Lineages and Their Evolution
17.1
Plant Adaptations to Land
17.2
Seedless and Seed Plant Evolution
17.3
Angiosperm Diversity and Reproduction
17.4
Plant Responses to Environment
18.1
Fungal Characteristics and Ecological Roles
18.2
Animal Body Plans and Development
18.3
Invertebrate Diversity and Evolution
18.4
Vertebrate Diversity and Evolution
19.1
Population Ecology and Dynamics
19.2
Community Ecology and Interactions
19.3
Ecosystem Structure and Energy Flow
19.4
Biogeochemical Cycles
20.1
Biodiversity and Its Importance
20.2
Threats to Biodiversity
20.3
Conservation Strategies and Sustainable Development
20.4
Global Climate Change and Ecological Impacts